ORDER II. BIMANA. 387 
been known to the Pheenicians, the geographical knowledge of the Greeks 
was still circumscribed by the narrow limits of the Eastern Mediterranean 
and part of the Euxine, and many a century elapsed ere their ships ventured 
beyond the Straits of Gades. Coleus, of Samos (639 B. C.), is said to 
have been the first seafarer of Hellenic race who sailed forth into the At- 
lantic, compelled by adverse winds, and was able on his return from his 
involuntary voyage to tell his astonished countrymen of the wondrous rising 
and falling of the oceanic tides. It was seventy years later before the Pho- 
cians of Massilia, the present Marseilles, ventured to follow the path he had 
traced out, and to visit the Atlantic port of Tartessus. 
The town of Massilia had the additional honor of reckoning among her 
sons the great traveller Pytheas. This far-wandering philosopher, who 
lived about three hundred and thirty years before Christ, had visited all the 
coasts of Europe, from the mouths of the Tanais, or Don, to the shores of 
the Ultima Thule, which, according to Leopold Von Buck, was not Iceland, 
nor Feroe, nor Oreadia, but the Norwegian coast. His narrative first made 
the Greeks acquainted with North-western Europe, and remained, for a long 
time, their only geographical guide to those hyperborean lands. 
We give below the leading varieties of Man, according to Dr. Prichard. 
“On comparing the principal varieties of form and structure which dis- 
tinguish the inhabitants of different countries, we find that there are seven 
classes of nations which may be separated from each other by stronely- 
marked lines. Among their principal characteristics are peculiar forms of 
the skull; but these are by no means the only difference which require no- 
tice and particular description. These seven principal classes are, first, those 
nations which in the form of their skulls and other physical characters re- 
semble Europeans, including many nations in Asia, and some in Africa ; 
secondly, races nearly similar in figure, and in the shape of the head, to the 
Kalmucks, Mongoles, and Chinese. These two first classes of nations will 
be designated, for reasons to be explained, Iranian and Turanian nations, in 
preference to Caucasian and Mongolian. . . . The third class are the native 
American nations, excluding the Esquimaux, and some tribes which resemble 
them more than the majority of inhabitants of the New World. The fourth 
class comprises only the Hottentot and Bushman race. <A fifth class are 
the Negroes; the sixth, the Papuas, or woolly-haired nations of Polynesia ; 
the seventh, the Alfourou and Australian races. The nations comprised 
under these departments of mankind differ so strikingly from each other, 
that it would be improper to include any two of them in one section, and 
there is no other division of the human family that is by physical traits so 
strongly characterized. There are, indeed, some nations that cannot be 
