ORDER II. BIJIANA. 387 



been known to the Phoenicians, the geographical knowledge of the Greeks 

 was still circumscribed by the narrow limits of the Eastern Mediterranean 

 and part of the Euxine, and many a century elapsed ere their ships ventured 

 beyond the Straits of Gades. Cohens, of Samos (G39 B. C. ), is said to 

 have been the first seafarer of Hellenic race who sailed forth into the At- 

 lantic, compelled by adverse winds, and was able on his return from his 

 involuntary voyage to tell his astonished countrymen of the wondrous rising 

 and falling of the oceanic tides. It was seventy years later before the Pho- 

 cians of Massilia, the present Marseilles, ventured to follow the path he had 

 traced out, and to visit the Atlantic port of Tartcssus. 



The town of Massilia had the additional honor of reckoning among her 

 sons the great traveller Pytheas. This far-wandering philosopher, who 

 lived about three hundred and thirty years before Christ, had visited all the 

 coasts of Europe, from the mouths of the Tanais, or Don, to the shores of 

 the Ultima Thule, which, according to Leopold Von Puck, was not Iceland, 

 nor Feroe, nor Orcadia, but the Norwegian coast. II is narrative first made 

 the Greeks acquainted witli North-western Europe, and remained, for a long 

 time, their only geographical guide to those hyperborean lands. 



We give below the leading varieties of Man, according to Dr. Prichard. 



"On comparing the principal varieties of form and structure which dis- 

 tinguish the inhabitants of different countries, we find that there are seven 

 classes of nations which may be separated from each other by strongly- 

 marked lines. Among their principal characteristics are peculiar forms of 

 the skull ; but these are by no means the only difference which require no- 

 tice and particular description. These seven principal classes are, first, those 

 nations which in the form of their skulls and other physical characters re- 

 semble Europeans, including many nations in Asia, and some in Africa ; 

 secondly, races nearly similar in figure, and in the shape of the head, to the 

 Kalmucks, Mongoles, and Chinese. These two first classes of nations will 

 be designated, for reasons to be explained, Iranian and Turanian nations, in 

 preference to Caucasian and Mongolian. . . . The third class are the native 

 American nations, excluding the Esquimaux, and some tribes which resemble 

 them more than the majority of inhabitants of the New World. The fourth 

 class comprises only the Hottentot and Bushman race. A fifth class are 

 the Negroes ; the sixth, the Papuas, or woolly-haired nations of Polynesia ; 

 the seventh, the Alfourou and Australian races. The nations comprised 

 under these departments of mankind differ so strikingly from each other, 

 that it would be improper to include any two of them in one section, ami 

 there is no other division of the human family that is by physical traits so 

 strongly characterized. There are, indeed, some nations that cannot be 



