INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY — PUBLICATION NO. 9 



In their possession still are objects which they took 

 from the Spaniards, whom they massacred" (ibid., 

 vol. 2, p. 4G9 ) . 



It appears then that with the building of forts 

 along the banks of the Paraguay River by both 

 the Spaiiiards and the Portuguese around the turn 

 of the eighteenth century a gradual process of 

 pacification set in. By 1845 the Guana tribes had 

 severed their connections with the Mbaya, the 

 Terena movnig to tiieir present location near Mi- 

 randa in southern Mato Grosso. Miranda, at this 

 date, was garrisoned by Brazilian trooi>s, and the 

 Terena and the Caduveo, excepting when they 

 participated in Brazilian wars, had definitely 

 given up raiding. 



The Terena of Bananal say that when they ar- 

 rived at their i^rcsent location, Tovole was the chief 

 of the group that settled at Ipegue. Other Terena 

 groups settled nearby under the leadership of their 

 chiefs. They add that groups of Terena con- 

 tinued to come from the Chaco until the Para- 

 guayan War (1865-70). In 1904, when General 

 Rondon was in southern Mato Grosso putting up 

 a telegraph line, Tovole's son, Jose Tavares 

 Caetano, was the chief of the Terena at Ipegue. 

 He had a uniform and a badge of office presented 

 to him by Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. It was 

 during these years that the Terena had great difli- 

 culties with the "fazendeiros," or Brazilian cattle- 

 men, who infringed upon the lands which had been 

 given to them by the Brazilian Government. 

 Many of the Terena were forced to scatter far and 

 wide in search of a livelihood. This dispersion of 

 the Terena, as we shall see later, had an important 

 influence upon their culture. At the death of 

 Jose Tavares Caetano, Manoel Pedro became chief 

 and held office until 1916, when the Post was estab- 

 lished and Marcolini Lili became chief. In 1941") 

 Marcolini Lili left the village of Bananal over 

 a matter concerning his son. At present the prin- 

 cipal Terena settlement at Bananal has no chief, 

 but it is possible that Marcolini Lili will return. 



The most important event in the life of both the 

 Terena and the Caduveo during the present cen- 

 tury was the establishment in 1910 of the Brazilian 

 Indian Service (Servi^o de Protegao aos Indios). 

 With the definite allocation and protection of In- 

 dian lands and setting up of Posts to protect the 

 interests of the Indians, a new era began for the 

 Terena and the Caduveo. 



As we look over the history of the Terena and 

 Caduveo, first as integral paits of the Guana and 

 Mbaya, and later as the separate remnants of these 

 two groups, we are able to see three principal stages 

 of development : First, a stage of symbiosis which 

 lasted until the adoption of the horse; second, a 

 more purely nomadic stage based on the use of 

 the horse for raiding during which the two groups 

 acted on more equal terms; and third, the period 

 of the last hundred years when, with pacification, 

 a process of adjustment to Brazilian conditions 

 set in. 



In contrasting the historical fortunes of these 

 two peoples, we might say this: Today, the 

 Caduveo, the survivors of the once mighty Mbaya, 

 are an impoverished and demoralized people. 

 From conquerors, raiders, and tribute gatherers, 

 they have been reduced to itinerant laborers, 

 hunters, and indifferent agriculturists. Once the 

 aristocrats of the Chaco with a class and mili- 

 tary organization, they are now counted among 

 the less fortunate Indians living as wards of the 

 Brazilian Government. This decline in numbers, 

 wealth, and social status seems definitely to be 

 connected with the abolition of warfare. With 

 pacification, the Mbaya bands lost their hold over 

 weaker peoples and, eventually, their slaves, and 

 with this loss their fortunes waned. The few re- 

 maining Caduveo have reverted to their original 

 economy, namely, hunting, and do not appear to 

 be able to adapt themselves to an economy based 

 on agriculture and stock keeping in a location 

 ideally suited for this purpose. 



On the other hand, the Terena, as the survivors 

 of the Guana people, never completely gave up 

 nor forgot their age-old heritage of agriculture. 

 Even with the great difficulties that they were 

 forced to undergo around the beginning of the 

 present century, they have taken up agriculture 

 and wage work and are making a much better 

 adjustment to Brazilian conditions than their Ca- 

 duveo neighbors. In fact, the Brazilian Indian 

 Service is considering settling a number of Terena 

 families among the Caduveo to teach them better 

 agricultural methods. Today, a Terena Indian 

 is acting as an assistant to the Brazilian manager 

 in charge of the Caduveo Post. The Terena have 

 also maintained their population, for they number 

 approximately 3,000, the same figure as reported 

 by Castelnau in 1845. Compared from the jDoint 



