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INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY — PUBLICATION NO. 9 



He celebrates St. Anthony's Day and participates 

 in the "bate-pau" dance. He often gets drunk 

 and stays away from work. 



Jose Francisco, nicknamed Japao because of his 

 short stature (native name Kohihi), is 58 yeare 

 old. His great-grandfather was Tovole, one of 

 the chiefs who led the Terena into Brazil. His 

 grandfather also came from the Chaco, but his 

 father was born in Ipegue, a Terena village, near 

 Bananal. Japao was born on a fazenda, called 

 Agua Tirada. He has four sons and three 

 daughters living, and four sons and a daughter 

 dead. 



Japao lives in an adobe house to which three 

 additional rooms have been built from upright 

 stakes covered with palm fronds. His wife is 

 dead, but three sons and two daughters live with 

 him and assist him in farming. He has land out- 

 side the village on which he grows manioc, beans, 

 cara, and sweetpotatoes. He raises much of the 

 food which he and his family consume. 



His money income is almost entirely derived 

 from the sale of manioc meal. However, between 

 planting intervals he goes out on task jobs to the 

 nearby fazendas. The money he receives is used 

 for buying clothing, tools, and additional food. 

 He is also chief of police at the Post but receives 

 no money for this. 



Japao was baptized in the Protestant faith and 

 is a member of the Sociedade Evangelista. He was 

 taught to read and write by the Protestant mis- 

 sionary at the Post. He reads the Bible in Span- 

 ish and preaches to the Indians in Portuguese. 



He likes to travel and claims he traveled much 

 while working on the telegraph line and when he 

 was a cattle driver. 



SILVERSMFIH 



Antonio Vicenti (native name Pikihi) is 47 

 years old. He was born in Bananal and was bap- 

 tized a Catholic when quite young. He leai-ned 

 to read and write and became a Protestant when 

 he was 12 years of age. He reads the Bible and 

 speaks, besides Terena and Portuguese, Spanish 

 and a little Guarani. He has a daughter and two 

 sons, one of whom was in Italy during World War 

 II as a soldier in the Brazilian Army. He has 

 lost four children and his wife, who died about 15 



years ago. He is now living with a young woman 

 out of wedlock, and because of this he is not on good 

 terms with the Protestant missionaries. 



Vicenti lives in a two-room house with stake 

 walls plastered with mud and thatched with grass. 

 On the same lot his son has built an adobe house 

 with a tile roof with the bonus money he received 

 from the army. Also, the son has regular beds 

 and chairs while the father still uses the old-type 

 furniture. Vicenti cultivates land outside the vil- 

 lage on which he plants manioc, maize, sweetpota- 

 toes, card, oranges, mangoes, tomatoes, and pep- 

 pers. From manioc he makes meal and also starch 

 which he sells to the Indians in the village and to 

 the farmers around Taunay. Vicenti says that 

 farming is the securest means of making a living. 

 Vicenti and his son also cut planks which they sell. 

 Vicenti's real trade, however, is making rings, 

 bracelets, and earrings out of silver and, some- 

 times, even gold. He learned this craft from his 

 uncle. He does not like to work with metals, he 

 says, because it is bad for his chest. However, at 

 this time, he was working on an order from a trader 

 in Taunay. Sometimes he works as a blacksmith 

 and mechanic. As he says, "We poor people have 

 to do a little of everything in order to live."' Asked 

 how he learned to be a blacksmith and mechanic, 

 he replied, "I learned by watching others for 30 

 years." 



Vicenti has traveled considerably, for a Terena 

 Indian. When very young he went with his par- 

 ents to the borders of Paraguay and remained 

 there until he was 10, after which his family re- 

 turned to Bananal. When he was 18 he began to 

 accompany expeditions into noilhern Mato Grosso. 

 He once made a survey trip with a missionary. 

 He is acquainted with all the larger towns of Mato 

 Grosso and many of the towns in western Sao 

 Paulo State. 



SHOPKEEPER 



Domingos Miguel (native name Temele) was 

 born in Bananal and is about 52 years of age. 

 His father was a Catholic, but his mother was a 

 Protestant. Domingos was baptized a Catholic, 

 but is now interested in Protestantism. His wife 

 is dead and he lives with his four children, his 

 father-in-law, and brother-in-law. 



He lives in a painted two-room adobe house with 

 a tile roof. A lean-to kitchen is attached. In 



