14 MARY L. WALKER ON THE FORM OF 
As regards affinity with other groups beyond the limits of the Cecomorphe, it 
will be seen that the quadrate of Larus is exceedingly like that of the Godwit, our 
one example of the Charadriomorph, a fact in support of a long-suspected rela- 
tionship maintained by Nurzscu, L’Herminier, GARROD, Parker, NeEwton, 
FURBrinceR, and others. But if any resemblance is to be found with the 
Spheniscomorphe, it appears not in Alca, as we might be led to expect, but in 
Procellaria.* 
II.—SPHENISCOMORPH 2. 
In the Penguin, the body of the quadrate bone is broad and stout, but the 
Fig. 26. SPHENISCUS DEMERSUS. 
neck is slender and rather long. The head is crossed by a faint groove, which 
imperfectly divides it into two rudimentary capitula. The accessory process is of 
moderate size, and curved upwards. The quadrato-jugal cup is very deep, and 
situated at the postero-inferior angle. The pterygoid condyle is not separated off 
from the mass of bone beneath it. The posterior portion of the mandibular 
articular surface seems to be deficient on its inner side, or rather, perhaps, its 
internal condyle is diminished by the breadth of the trochlear groove; the anterior 
condyle passes into a broad trochlear surface on its outer side. A low grade of 
specialisation is indicated by the undivided head and the undifferentiated pterygoid 
condyle, which, however, are not sufficient to give the Penguin’s quadrate the least 
resemblance to that of a Ratite. It is hard, indeed, to compare the Penguin’s 
quadrate with any other.t+ 
* Forpes (Report on Challenger Petrels, p. 62) denies the existence of any close connection between 
the Gulls and Petrels, and approximates the latter to the Ciconiide and to the Steganopodes. “TI cannot 
understand,” he says, ‘‘ Professor Huxuzy’s remark (P.Z.S., 1867, p. 455) that the Gulls grade insensibly 
into the Procellariide.” It will be seen that the quadrate bones help to support this conclusion. 
+ Firerincer (Morphologie d. Vogel, 1888, Vol. II., p. 1147) finds it likewise hard to connect the 
Penguins with any other order. He denies their close affinity with Alcidw, and finds a more probable 
direct relationship with the Colymbo-Podicipide. 
