THE QUADRATE BONE IN BIRDS. 11 
In the Woodpecker’s quadrate the capitula are small, but distinctly separate. 
The shaft of the bone is short and very broad, especially in its lower part. The 
anterior process is long, swollen at the extremity, and set on to the shaft at an 
obtuse angle. The quadrato-jugal cup is small, and low down. The pterygoid 
condyle is perceptible, but not well defined. The posterior portion of the man- 
dibular articular surface is bulky, especially on its outer side; the anterior is also 
large. These points indicate a certain resemblance to the Hoopoe, and an 
inspection of the figures will show that the quadrate bone well bears out the 
suggestion that the Celeomorphz are intermediate between the Coracomorphe and 
the Coceygomorphe (Hux ry, Joc. cit., p. 468). 
We have not yet any examples of the Swifts, Humming-birds, or Goatsuckers. 
CoRACOMORPHZ. 
In the Rook the capitula are distinct and separate. The shaft of the bone is 
Fig. 19. Corvus FRUGILEGUS. 
very stout and broad, the anterior process long and thick. The quadrato-jugal cup 
is small, deep, and round, and is placed quite at the postero-inferior angle of the 
bone. The pterygoid condyle is distinct, but is not so neatly defined as in most of 
the Desmognathe. The mandibular articulation is of the simple type that we have 
spoken of as “normal;” its anterior condyle is rather large. 
The Lyre-bird furnishes us with an example of the lower Coracomorphe 
WP 5.7... 
Fig. 20. MENURA SUPERBA. 
extremely remote from the Corvide ; but the quadrate bones of the two are very 
similar indeed. The two capitula, however, are not so distinctly separate, or rather, 
perhaps, the external one is in part degenerate. 
In both of these forms the quadrate strikes us as somewhat thick and clumsy, 
and less specialized or more primitive than that of the majority of the Desmognathe. 
