THE QUADRATE BONE IN BIRDS. 9 
long, the capitula are but slightly separate, and the anterior process is very small 
indeed. The quadrato-jugal cup is small, deep, round, and raised upon an 
eminence. There is no distinct pterygoid condyle. The mandibular articulation 
is peculiar, its anterior portion passing uninterruptedly into the posterior by a long, 
narrow, convex facet. 
No resemblance is to be detected between this quadrate and that of the 
Aétomorphee, or any other of the foregoing groups ; but it presents marked affinities 
with certain Coccygomorphee. 
VII.—CoccycomorPH. 
We have examined the quadrates of the Toucan, Hoopoe, Kingfisher, and 
Dacelo ; unfortunately far too small a number of the forms of this polymorphic and 
most interesting group. 
In the Toucan the capitula are widely separate. The anterior process is very 
Fig. 14. RuaMpHastus Tocco. 
long and pointed. The quadrato-jugal cup is large but shallow. The pterygoid 
condyle is indistinct. The mandibular articulation resembles that of the Vulture. 
In the Hoopoe the two capitula are distinct. The anterior process is long but 
Fig. 15. Upupa EPOPS. 
truncated, and makes a very oblique angle (as also in the Toucan) with the shaft of 
the bone. The pterygoid condyle is not defined. The mandibular articulation is 
not unlike that of the Toucan, save for a greater transverse elongation of its posterior 
part. 
In the Kingfisher the two capitula are but slightly separate, and the external 
one is somewhat hollowed out. The shaft is long, and the anterior process rudi- 
Fig. 16. ALcEDo ISPIDA. 
