252 The Botanical Gazette. [June, 
are published partly in Engler’s ‘‘Ueber die Hochgebirsgsflora 
des tropischen Afrikas,” partly in his ‘‘Jahrbiicher fiir Sys- 
tematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie,” which 
is the most important organ of this department of science. 
The flora of the German protectorate in southwest Africa has 
also been studied by SCHINZ (of Ziirich). WARBURG (docent 
in Berlin) is the chief student of the flora of New Guinea, both 
as to its systematic and geographical aspects. 
Still another important geographical undertaking is being di- 
rected at Berlin, namely the ‘‘Flora Brasiliensis,” begun by 
VON MARTIUS (Munich, died in 1868), continued by Eichler, 
and now, under the direction of URBAN (sub-director of the 
Botanic Garden at Berlin), rapidly nearing completion. We 
are indebted for an important summary of the systematic 
geography of plants to a work published in 1884 by DRUDE 
(professor in the Institute of Technology at Dresden). By 
the same author, there appeared in 1890, a comprehensive 
‘‘Handbuch der Pflanzengeographie” in which all parts of the 
field are uniformly treated. 
The biological tendency in plant-geography, to explain the 
physiognomy of the single floras as adaptations to external 
conditions, was already visible in Grisebach’s ‘‘Die Vegetation 
der Erde,” but it has not received comprehensive expression. 
Single monographs, based on observations made in other than 
European countries, have been published in Germany by 
Schimper, Volkens, Schenck and Gobel. W. Schimper has 
done the most eminent work in this direction, and his experi- 
€nces on his extended travels in the tropics are recorded in 
important and suggestive papers. The publication of these 
papers has followed since 1888 in the successive numbers of 
his ‘‘Botanische Mittheilungen aus den Tropen.” 
The means of aiding botanical investigation have increased 
remarkably in Germany during the last decades. Botanical 
laboratories which, in the fifties, did not exist at a single un!- 
versity, are now found at the agricultural schools and insti- 
tutes of technology as well. The older botanists have brought 
about, and lived through, this transformation. De Bary, 
about whom in the sixties the majority of the young investi- 
gators gathered for further instruction, was the first to estab- 
lish a botanical laboratory. At first at F reiburg, about 1858, 
it was in a low-studded room reached only by a steep dark 
stairway, where de Bary worked with his students Woronin, 
