1895. ] Development of Botany in Germany. 255 
Hugo Mohl was himself able to grind lenses. In various 
papers he instructed his contemporaries as to the manipu- 
lation of the microscope, and finally in his ‘‘Micrographia” 
gave exhaustive directions for its use. Schacht published a 
book on the microscope in 1862, whose chief value lay not so 
much in its optical part as in the directions for the study of 
specified vegetable objects. On the contrary, in Naegeli and 
Schwendener's ‘‘Das Mikroskop” the optical and purely phys- 
ical portion of the subject was put in the foreground, while 
Dippel’s work, ‘‘Das Mikroskop,” published in 1867 and 1869, 
occupies the middle ground between the two preceding. 
Strasburger confined himself to the botanical part of the prob- 
lem in ‘‘Das botanische Praktikum,” which appeared in 1884 
in a large edition for advanced students, and in a smaller one 
for beginners. This practical botany attempts to conduct 
the learner through a series of problems covering the entire 
field of microscopical botany, and to make him familiar with 
the use of the instrument and with microscopical technique. 
The structure and use of the microscope and botanical micro- 
technique are taught without the consideration of special ob- 
jects for study by Behrens’s ‘‘Leitfaden der botanischen Mi- 
kroskopie,” published in 1890. His ‘‘Tabellen zum Gebrauch 
beim mikroskopischen Arbeiten,” treat only of technique, and 
the same may be said of the ‘‘Botanische Microtechnique,”?? 
by ZIMMERMAN?3 (docent in Tiibingen), published in 1892. 
The numerous botanical journals now appearing give elo- 
quent testimony to the activity of botanical research in Ger- 
Many. ‘‘Flora” has been published since 1818 by the Botan- 
ical Society in’ Ratisbon.'* The ‘‘Botanische Zeitung” was 
founded in 1843 by Mohl and Schlechtendal. The ‘Jahr- 
biicher fiir wissenschaftliche Botanik,” for more comprehensive 
Papers, have been published since 1858 by Pringsheim and are 
now before us in twenty-three constantly enlarging volumes. 
In the seventies most of the botanical laboratorios of the Ger- 
Man universities began to publish their researches in journals 
of their own, In addition, many botanical papers have been, 
and continue to be, published in the Nova Acta of the Leo- 
Pold-Caroline Academy and in the Proceedings of other Acad- 
emies. Since 1881 the ‘‘Botanische Jahrbiicher fiir System- 
"Translated by | E. Humphrey, and published by Henry Holt & Co.—G. J. P. 
**Now raised to the rank of assistant professor. —G. J. P. 
14 Edited since 1889 by Professor Karl Goebel of Munich.—G. J. y. 
