1895. ] Anatomical and Physiological Researches. 421 
III. In taking up the question of the morphology of the 
cilia, details are given of a method of staining that is a sim- 
plification of the Léffler method. 
After the general discussion of cilia and their separation 
into fwo classes, polar and diffuse, observations are noted on 
the changes that take place in the form and character of the 
cilia under different phases of development. 
In several instances, sporulation took place without a ces- 
sation in motility, and in some cases degenerate phases of 
development, such as involution forms, were still characterized 
by movement. 
The cilia are to a certain extent independent of the main 
pendent of the protoplast as they lose their motility if not in 
contact with the main body of the cell. Under the influence 
of plasmolytic action, they remain in close connection with a 
small fragment of the protoplasm within the cell. 
IV. The final part of the paper takes up the vexed question 
of the systematic part of the science. In this, Fischer favors 
a system of classification founded on a morphological basis 
rather than an attempt to use physiological data for differen- 
tial characteristics. : 
His proposed scheme is based (1) on the presence and ar- 
rangement of the cilia, (2) the formation of spores, and (3) 
the morphology of the spore-bearing cell. 
A marked feature of the system is the use of the same root 
to designate the genera having the same form of cell although 
differentiated into various subfamilies on account of other 
characteristics. Thus, the genera, Bacillus, Bactrinium, Bac- 
trillum, and Bactridium are all cylindrical spore-bearing rods 
characterized by a difference in arrangement of motile or- 
gans. The different genera in each subfamily are likewise 
characterized by the use of a uniform suffix, as for instance, 
the subfamily Bactriniei, has its genera terminating in zmzum 
(Clostrinium, etc.), while the genera of the coordinate divis- 
ions Bactrillei and Bactridiei end respectively in 2//um (Clos- 
trillum) and zd@zum (Clostridium). 
This arrangement necessitates a large number of genera 
and by this method the author hopes to relieve the overbur- 
