PYCNIDES OF CRUSTACEOUS LICHENS. 199 
of, spermogones and pycnides, occur in the present memoir under the following 
species :— 
Lecanora sophodes, no. 3. 
milvina, no. 2. Opegrapha vulgata. 
herpetica. 
—— hæmatomma, no. 1. 
Urceolaria scruposa, nos. 1, 2. 
Pertusaria pustulata. 
Arthonia impolita. 
Verrucaria gemmata. 
Lecidea aromatica. 
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Lecidea myriocarpa, no. 1. Taylori. 
decolorans, no. 2. cinerella. 
——— uliginosa. —— hymenogonia. 
—— Ehrhartiana, no. 5. Garovaglii, no. 1. 
abietina. Calicium tympanellum. 
Griffithii, no. 2. ——- disseminatum, no. 3. 
pineti. trachelinum, no. 3. 
candida. 
Alliance between Fungi and Lichens*. 
My researches on lichen-spermogones and pyenides have enabled me to add largely 
both to the number and character of the links that connect the lower lichens with 
the lower fungi; in other words, to render much more intimate and evident the close 
connexion between the fungi and lichens. The illustrations of this closeness of alliance 
—to be found in the present memoir especially—include the following phenomena in the 
Lower Lichens :— 
1. The possession by lichens of more than one form of secondary reproductive organs ; 
of spermogones and pycnides in addition to apothecia or perithecia; of acrogenous 
spermatia and stylospores in addition to sporidia contained within asci. 
2. The possession of more than one form of spermogone or pyenide, or of both, in 
the same species or individualt. 
3. Polymorphism—great variability of character, external and internal—of spermo- 
gone or pyenide in the same species or individualt. 
4. The resemblance of the spermogones and pycnides of lichens and their contents 
to those of fungi. 
(a) The presence of colour in the stylospores. 
Ez. Lecanora atra, no. 7. Ex. Arthonia astroidea, no. 1. 
subfusca, no. 18. 
ferruginea, no. 1. 
Lecidea abietina, nos. 5, 6. 
disciformis, no. 5. 
atro-grisea, no. 4. 
Opegrapha atra, no. 2. 
Verrucaria Taylori, no. 1. 
olivacea, no. 2. 
gemmata, no. 7. 
glabrata, no. 3. 
Calicium eusporum. 
(b) Compound (or septate) character of the s£ylospores. 
* Vide also Summary of Characters of Spermogones and Pyenides in Edin. Royal Society * Proceedings,’ p. 182. 
t Fide pp. 193, 194. 
ti Vide pp.191, 192. 
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