+ 
PYCNIDES OF CRUSTACEOUS LICHENS. 207 
Opographa vulgata, no. . 3. Arthonia punctiformis. 
Arthonia vinosa. 
Some of the difficulties of spermogonological investigation among the Lower Lichens. 
1. Frequent resemblance, in external characters, of spermogones or pycnides to apo- 
thecia, mostly in rudimentary or young states of the latter, sometimes belonging to the 
same species, at other times to different species or genera. 
Ez. Lecanora parella. Ex. Lecidea pineti. 
—— tartarea. candida. 
—— atra. glauco-lepidea. 
cinerea, var. calcarea. Arthonia lurida. 
—— subfusca. à —— vinosa. 
polytropa, no. 3 (discoid). Stigmatidium crassum, no. 3. 
—— cervina, no. 2. Endocarpon miniatum, no. 1. 
—— aurantiaca, no. 4. Verrucaria epidermidis, no. 5. 
ferruginea, no. 1. cinerella, no. 2. 
Pertusaria glomerata. ——— umbrosa. 
—— ceuthocarpa. gemmata, no. 3. 
Lecidea cupularis. —— hymenogonia, nos. 1, 3. 
contigua, no. 5. 
Taylori, no. 1. 
albo-atra, nos. 1, 4. —— Leightonii. 
—— decolorans, no. 2. ——— Garovaglii, no. 1. 
—— uliginosa. — lectissima, nos. 1, 2. 
—— Ehrhartiana, no. 5. —— macularis, nos. 3, 4. 
abietina, nos. 5, 6. —— nitida, nos. 1, 2, 3. 
—— Griffithii, no. 1. ——- biformis, no. 4. 
synothea, no. 2. nigrescens. 
—— minuta, no. 1 (pyenides). Calicium disseminatum, no. 3. 
"This resemblance may have led Bayrhoffer and other speculative writers into the mis- 
take of supposing that spermogones are gradually transformed into apothecia*. Flotow 
and other German lichenists have described the spermatia as passing in course of growth 
into sporidia! 
Occasionally paraphyses bear a close resemblance to stylosporest and basidia. They 
do so when the former are naturally knobbed at the tips, coloured, and septate or arti- 
culated, or when the articulated character is developed, in paraphyses apparently simple, 
by the action of liquor potasse or other chemical reagents}. The stylospores of lichen- 
pyenides may also resemble the spore-chains of Torula lichenicola§, or of other associated 
parasitic micro-fungi. 
* According to Mudd (‘ Manual of British Lichens,’ pp. 193 and 261) it appears to have led Leighton into the 
error of describing the apothecia of Lecidea lucida, Ach., as the spermogones of Coniocybe citrina, Leight., and the 
sporidia as spermatia! As in the case of the species of Pyrenothea, this is an error of interpretation, not of observa- 
tion. Vide pp. 195, 197, 198. T Vide p. 200, footnote t. 
+ Thus there is a striking resemblance to stylospores in the terminal joints developed by liquor potassæ in the 
paraphyses of Abrothallus Smithix and oxysporus. (* Monograph of Abrothallus, p. 29, pl. iv. f. 14.) 
$ As they are figured in my * New Lichenicolous Micro-Fungi, pl. xxiii. f. 1-18. 
26 2 
