PYCNIDES OF CRUSTACEOUS LICHENS. 213 
regular tubercles of the same colour, varying in size, but all marked on their apices by 
pale brown spots, which are the ostioles of spermogones. These ostioles contrast strongly 
with the white thallus; they are seldom round in outline, but generally irregular-elon- 
gate or fissured. Sometimes the spermogones are confluent; or they may become hyper- 
trophied or degenerate, and isidioid or sorediiferous. The spermatia are very short, 
straight rods, about ¿255 long. The sterigmata are longish, delicate, linear, subsimple, 
sometimes digitate, like those of 4brothallus oxysporus*, occasionally pseudo-septate or 
obseurely artieulated, the spermatia, however, coming off only from the apex of the 
sterigma. Sometimes the basal cell gives off a group of two or three linear or sub- 
ellipsoid daughter-cells, each bearing an apical spermatium. 
Specimen 2. Alps, 1814: “same as the famous dyeing lichen from Corsica, sent to 
Mr. MeIntosh": in Herb. Kew.  Isidioid state; the isidia being large and cushion-like, 
irregular, and warted at tips, dotted over with the brownish ostioles of the spermogones, 
which are here very plentiful. They are immersed, frequently confluent, their tissues 
and ostiole becoming semitranslucent under moisture. The spermatia are straight short 
rods, 7555 long, and 43-555 broad—that is, of the same breadth as the sterigmata, which 
are linear and ramose, about 1555 long. | 
Specimen 3. Var. gonatodes, Ach.— Isidium gonatodes, Ach.: on bark, Mr. Harriman : 
no habitat given: in Herb. Kew. The best specimen I have seen of the spermogones of 
tartarea. No apothecia; thalline warts either isolated or closely aggregated; sometimes 
so irregular as to resemble those of Pertusaria. The spermogones are seated in large, 
distinct, very irregular warts, externally resembling young apothecia. The younger ones 
are generally simple, with pale brown apices (—ostioles), becoming semitranslucent 
under moisture. In age they usually become confluent and compound, both their bodies 
and ostioles, the latter crowning very irregular large conical warts. The thallus is 
smoothish and cream-coloured, intimately adhering to the surface of the bark. 
Specimen 4. On bark, St. Vincent: in Herb. Kew. A condition consisting wholly of 
spermogones, which are small, round, pruinose warts, generally simple, closely aggre- 
gated, unless at the periphery of the thallus, where they are more isz:ated. Ostiole pale 
brownish-yellow or orange-coloured, stellate or chink-like, seldom round and simple, 
border turgid. "The spermogones have a general resemblance to young apothecia. 
Specimen 5. Ben Aven, Braemar, 1844, Gardiner (sub nom. Z. upsaliensis, which, 
however, is a var. of L. parella). Spermogones abundant, associated here with apothecia. 
The former are simple, largish, turgid warts, with simple or stellate ostiole. 
Specimen 6. Var. frigida: Kotzebue Sound, Beechey, in Herb. Kew: bears both 
apothecia and spermogones. 
Specimen 7. Near Beddgelert, Wales, 1802: in Herb. Kew: abundantly spermo- 
goniferous. 
Specimen 8. Co. Kerry, Taylor, in Herb. Dr. Mackay, Dublin (author of the * Flora 
Hibernica’). Spermogones abundant, as warts, resembling young apothecia; the ostioles 
* As figured and described in my “ Monograph of Abrothallus.” Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, Jan. 
1857, p. 34, pl. v. £. 1, 2. 
VOL. XXVIII. 2H 
