PYCNIDES OF CRUSTACEOUS LICHENS. 217 
olaria cinerea, var. alba, subvar. dedalea). The spermogones are small, wholly immersed, 
seated on separate warts or areolæ of thallus, having grey ostioles, resembling in external 
aspect the spermogones of Lecidea fusco-atra. The spermatia are beautiful, delicate 
needles, about 5555 to 3055 long, borne on sterigmata, about 44555 long, which are very 
delieate, branching below. 
Specimen 11. On granitic rocks, Switzerland: Scherer, Exs. no. 125 (sub nom. 
U. cinerea, var. vulgaris, subvar. polygonia). The spermogones are small black points 
or papillæ, studded over sterile, thalline areole. The spermatia are straight rods ; the 
sterigmata subsimple, bulging irregularly, bifurcating at base, frequently giving off the 
spermatia at various angles, their point of insertion having then a geniculate character. 
Specimen 12. On granitic rocks, the Swiss Alps: Scherer, Exs. no. 129 (sub nom. 
var. atro-cinerea). The spermogones are abundant and distinct, their contents those of 
the type. 
Specimen 13. On quartzose rocks, Swiss Alps: Scheer. Exs. no. 128, sub nom. var. 
ochracea (—var. cinereo-rufescens, Ach., which ought, I think, to include vars. Acharii, 
Westr., and diamarta, Ach.). The spermogones are as in the preceding, but larger and 
even more distinct. 
Species 5. L. ATRA, Ach. 
Specimen 1. On sandstone, Carrigaloe, near Cork: Carroll, March1858. The spermogones 
are very abundant and easily seen. They are seated on the corners of the pulviniform 
thalline areolæ, as small round spots, black or brown when dry, becoming subpellucid 
under moisture, generally girt with a slightly elevated pale thalline rim, giving the 
appearance of nascent apothecia. The envelope is pale brown. Frequently, if not always, 
the spermogones are compound. The spermatia resemble bundles of acicular ra- 
phides; they are straight, about 55535 long and 44355 broad; some of them, measured 
- while still attached to the sterigmata, are 4;!559 long; they are very abundant and dis- 
tinet. The fertile sterigmata measure, with the attached spermatia, from 335 to 715 long, 
and +556 to 15.000 broad; they consist of a few longish, suboblong, irregular articu- 
lations, sometimes attached to each other at very various angles. Beyond these sperma- 
tiferous sterigmata projects a series of barren hypertrophied ones, which are distinguished 
by their greater length, ramosity, number of articulations, and narrowness. 
Specimen 2. On bluish limestone, Pigeon Island, Kenmare River: Taylor, in herb. 
Dr. Mackay; associated with Z. sulphurea. The thallus is thick, tawny-yellow, and 
areolate. The spermogones are seated at the corners of the areolæ, as in Lecidea fusco- 
atra and L. contigua; they are black, round, and immersed. The spermatia are aci- 
cular, +256 t0 zogo long and 375555 broad. 
Specimen 3. On rocks, Sardinia: in Kew herb. The spermogones are very abundant, 
seated on the warts of which the thallus is composed, scattered among the apothecia, 
and frequently resembling nascent apothecia. The ostiole is large, black, irregular, 
frequently stellate, always distinct. The spermatia are acicular, 3755 long and 4535s 
broad, on articulated sterigmata, as in no. 1. 
Specimen 4. On rocks, hills above Innerleithen: August 1855, W. L. L. The szer- 
