PYCNIDES OF CRUSTACEOUS LICHENS. 241 
corners of the thalline areolz, sparingly scattered, generally not more than 2 or 3 on each 
areola; flattish on surface, black round spots, with a central blacker ostiole, frequently 
with a white-pulverulent, thalline border. Sometimes they rather resemble the sper- 
mogones of £. fusco-atra, inasmuch as they are pale greyish and semipellucid dots, sur- 
rounded with a whitish, frequently sorediiferous or mealy, thalline margin. In all cases 
the spermatia are acicular, 1555 — 5000 long, and 35555 broad, on sterigmata, which are 
about 5555-1500 long with spermatia attached, and are either subsimple and digitate, 
as in Abrothallus oxysporus, or composed of not more than 2 or 3 linear-oblong arti- 
. eulations. 
Specimen 13. Var. flavicunda. On granite, co. Antrim: Dr. Moore in herb. Carroll. 
Thallus of a pale buff-colour, much cracked, but smoother than that of the preceding. 
There are no apothecia; but spermogones abound, and are distinct when moistened, as 
pale grey, round, semipellucid dots, seated on the corners of the areole, one on each 
areola, generally girt by a pale thalline ring, which is sometimes subpulverulent; body 
wholly immersed. On other portions of the same thallus occurs Verrucaria gemmifera, 
Tayl But even externally the abundantly scattered perithecia of the parasite, which are 
small, black, prominent cones, or papillee, cannot be confounded with the immersed form 
of spermogones here described. 
Specimen 14. Var. flavicunda. On quartzose sandstone, in walls near Blarney, Cork, 
Carroll. Associated with the ordinary white thallus of the Lecidea. Spermogones are 
abundant, as very small black papillæ, on papillzeform elevations of the thallus. They 
occur indiscriminately on the white and buff-coloured thalli; and also form a patch by 
themselves, aggregated in a group, instead of being generally but sparsely scattered; they 
are more crowded on the buff, than on the white, thalline patches. The spermatia are 
rod-shaped, 5750 long, and 45:555 broad, on subsimple or subdigitate sterigmata, about 
1309 — 3000 long. 
Specimen 15. Var. flavicunda. On stones, North Wales, Rev. Hu. Davies, 1790, in 
herb. Kew; sub nom. L. silacea, Engl. Bot. and L. Dicksoni, With. "Thallus rust- 
coloured, with large apothecia; and spermogones of the type. 
Specimen 16. Var. flavicunda. On granitic rocks of the Swiss Alps, Scher. Exs. no. 
186, sub L. albo-cerulescens, var. Jlavo-cerulescens. The thallus exhibits no spermo- 
gones, but is studded over with the parasitic Verrucaria gemmifera, in the form of cones, 
which are here usually more or less flattened and indistinct. 
Specimen 17. Var. flavicunda. On hypersthene rock, Scuir-na-gillean, Skye, Aug. 
1856: W.L. L. Thallus is rusty-red and finely areolate, studded over with minute, 
black, punctiform, spermogones, each seated on a separate thalline areola. 
Specimen 18. Var. confluens, Sch. On granitic rocks, St. Moritz, Switzerland: Hepp 
Exs. no. 125, sub Biatora confluens, var. vulgaris, Sch. Spermogones abound, especially 
about the black hypothalline boundary-line, as black or deep-grey, round, flat dots, with 
a pale grey or whitish, mealy, thalline margin, the body immersed. "They are very dis- 
tinct on the corners of the white thalline areolæ, and have quite the characters of those 
of L. fusco-atra. The spermatia and sterigmata are those of the type, the former being 
straight rods, the latter composed of generally two, sometimes three or four, delicate arti- 
