PYCNIDES OF CRUSTACEOUS LICHENS. 245 
thallus. The spermatia are very short, straight, linear or oblong, on (apparently) articu- 
lated sterigmata, composed of short, thick-walled cells. 
Specimen 2. On limestone, Malham, Yorkshire: Dr. Carrington. The thallus is 
studded over with the perithecia of Verrucaria pygmea, which are minute, jet-black 
cones or papille, with polished surface, some of them having a distinct apical ostiole. 
Asci are polysporous, 555 to 713 long, and ysy broad; the sporidia 3555 X 5500: ellip- 
soid, brown, and 1-septate. 
Species 8. L. PARASEMA, Ach. 
Specimen 1. On birch and other trees, Corramulzie Linn, Braemar, Aug. 1856: W. 
L. L. Associated with Verrucaria epidermidis, and forms of Opegrapha varia. The 
apothecia are irregular or difform, dark-brown, subglobose or convex tubercles, varying 
in size, and having a fungoid facies; sometimes cone-shaped, like some of the larger Ver- 
rucarie. Thallus is smooth, scarcely warted or granulate. The spermogones are small, 
deep-brown or black, round spots, scattered among the apothecia. The spermatia are 
those of the type for the most part; that is, they are variously curved or twisted (vermi- 
form) as in Zecanora subfusca, about 1355 long. But there are others that are (compara- 
tively) straight, and only 3 the size of those just described. It is possible that these small, 
straight spermatia are mere segments of the larger ones; for it is no uncommon pheno- 
menon for Lichen-spermatia to divide into two (and sometimes three), usually equal, 
segments. On the other hand they may prove to be a second form of spermatia. They 
were never, however, seen attached to their sterigmata as the larger ones were. The 
sterigmata in question are simple, short, and vesicular. 
Specimen 2. On trees, Glen Nevis, Aug. 1856: W. L. L. Associated in one specimen 
with Pertusaria communis and Lecanora subfusca, and in another with Verrucaria gem- 
mata and Opegrapha atra, var. obscura, Sch. The spermogones are small black dots, 
crowning small pale thalline warts, scattered among the apothecia. ‘The spermatia are 
of the type, vermiform or curved, on simple vesicular (— typical) sterigmata. 
Specimen 3. Fall of Foyers, Aug. 1856: W. L. L. Associated with Verrucaria nitida, 
V. epidermidis, and Lecidea disciformis. 'The spermogones are small, black, round, 
distinet points, seated on subprominent pale thalline warts. Spermatia all of the type, 
about 1557 long. But the sterigmata are here more elongated than in the preceding 
cases, being subellipsoid, though still simple. 
Specimen 4. On bark, Rostellan, near Cork: Carroll. Spermogones are more abundant 
than in any other specimen I have ever seen of this species; they are scattered all over 
the thallus, (which is white and smoothish), as small roundish points, whieh are the 
ostioles of immersed spermogones. These punctiform ostioles are blackish or deep-brown 
when dry, but become pale-brown and semipellucid when moistened. The spermatia are 
of the type (vermiform), about 3557 long, and 35455 broad, seated on short simple sterig- 
mata (also of the type). 
Specimen 5. On bark, Ardrum, Cork: Carroll, Mar. 1858. The spermogones resemble 
those in No. 4. They are very abundant, minute, brown, seated on small papillar eleva- 
tions of the thallus, outside the region occupied by the apothecia. They are irregular in 
VOL. XXVIII. 2M 
