PYCNIDES OF CRUSTACEOUS LICHENS. 263 
lope of deep-brown cellular tissue. The spermatia are thickish, curved, with rounded 
ends, 15600 — 15.000 long, on very short, simple sterigmata. 
Mudd apparently refers Lichen cyrtellus, Sm. and Engl. Bot. pl. 2155 (2059), partly to 
L. Griffithii and partly to L. anomala. Unless we are prepared to admit that each of 
these species includes a series of somewhat heterogeneous varieties or subspecies, we must 
regard them as possessing a considerable diversity of spermogones and pycnides. 
Specimen 6. On birch, about Penmanshiel, Berwickshire, February, 1857: Hardy. 
On a patch of thallus by themselves, and having quite the aspect of a Pyrenothea, are 
numerous spermogones, some of which have the characters also of pycnides, inasmuch as 
they contain stylospores in addition to spermatia. The thallus is made up of white, 
irregular wartlets or granulations. On the apices of these the spermogones are perched 
as round, largish, flattened, irregular, black bodies, distinct to the naked eye. The sper- 
matia are short, linear, straight, on simple, longish (sometimes subarticulated) sterig- 
mata. Occasionally, within the same spermogonal conceptacle, stylospores and basidia 
occur, the former ellipsoid, oval, spherical or pyriform, frequently carrying with them 
as a tail their basidia—a phenomenon that never occurs with spermatia. Separate pyc- 
mides also occur abundantly, containing the stylospores in question, which are variable 
both in size and shape, the basidia being short, simple, and linear. Intermixed with the 
fertile sterigmata in the spermogones are numerous, long, sterile, very ramose and tor- 
tuous filaments, that sometimes anastomose. These filaments occur equally in the 
pyenides, projecting into and occupying their cavity just as they do in many spermo- 
gones of the higher lichens *. On another piece of bark there are numerous, but dege- 
nerate, apothecia. 
Specimen 7. Germany—no specific locality given; in the Kew herbarium; sub 
Biatora mixta, Fr. Spermogones are abundant, forming a large group apart from the 
apothecia; they are small, black, irregular, punctiform or papillæform (flattish), immersed 
or semiimmersed. Spermatia oblong, ellipsoid, sooo X559. on short, simple ste- 
rigmata. 
Species 30. L. ANOMALA, Ach. (= Bilimbia, Mudd, Brit. Lich. p. 186). 
As contrasted with those of the preceding, the apothecia of this species are small and 
Biatorine, usually pale-brown or buff-coloured, very convex or subglobose. On the other 
hand, those of Griffithii (e. g. in No. 1) are large and Lecideine, as large frequently as 
those of L. abietina, often black, though becoming brown under moisture, also becoming 
with age brown, and sometimes Biatorine, confluent and deformed. These observations, 
however, do not correspond with the characters of the apothecia of Griffithii as given by 
Mudd—a circumstance which is to be held only as proving their great variability, and 
the impropriety of founding specific distinctions on the external aspect of apothecia alone, 
or indeed on any single, while inconstant, character in so variable a lichen. 
Specimen 1. Apparently on decayed ferruginous slate: Miss Hutchins, in herb. 
Carroll; supposed by her to be ** a new Lecidea;” ** evidently Irish,” according to Carroll ; 
* As figured in my 1st Mem. Spermog., e. g. in Usnea barbata, pl. iv. f. 7, Evernia furfuracea, Ramalina fraxinea, 
` and R. terebrata, especially the latter, pl. v. ff. 3, 9, 18, and in other genera and species. 
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