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> pa 
288 DR. LINDSAY ON THE SPERMOGONES AND à 
4 
X 
among the apothecia. Sometimes they are seated directly on the bark,, o4, pes or on 
stones, when the proper thallus is absent, as is not unfrequently the ease ata, x are dis- 
tributed also occasionally about the black hypothalline boundary-ling pm podp amou 
Lecanore and Lecidee ; e. g. in nitida (in which species, however, they alsó otly on“¿ttered 
among the apothecia) and in nigrescens. In form they are mostly conoid, id they ai i 
times 
tuberculiform on the one hand, or punctiform on the other. They are p> the bark. and 
immersed in cinerella and Garovaglii. When conoid the apex is sometimr. length « or 
even depressed, as in nitida. They generally closely resemble the Noung. z on & in 
external characters and are only distinguishable by microscopical exaixinatbr. b arate- 
times they are so closely aggregated as to form maculæ ; or they become Que end 
then variously maculeform, The ostiole is usually so minute as to be imperce: ¿pink ¿En 
colour the spermogones, or that portion of them which is visible on the surfac&of the 
thallus, are generally black. Sometimes they are various shades of brown, or brownish 
red, as in some forms of lectissima, Taylori, and cinerella. Occasionally they are covered 
with a fine white pruina, as in Taylori. In size they are generally much smaller than 
the apothecia, which they otherwise outwardly resemble. In epidermidis their dimensions 
357 broad by 555 deep. Their cavity is usually simple and round. In some 
forms of nigrescens, however, it is compound and irregular. Their envelope, or walls, 
consist of a deep-brown-coloured tissue of roundish cellules. The sterigmata are usually 
very short, linear and simple, of equal breadth to the spermatia, which are given off as 
terminal articulations. Sometimes they branch slightly at the base, as in nitida. In 
some forms of nigrescens they are articulated and irregular in outline, the constituent 
articulations being short, very thick-walled and irregular in shape. In forms of epidermidis, 
Garovaglii, and biformis they are composed of a few long, linear, delicate articulations. 
Nylander (Prod. p. 175) describes simple sterigmata as a characteristic of Verrucaria as 
compared with Hndocarpon: but though this is generally the case, there are signal 
exceptions, which he does not appear to have observed. The length of the sterigmata is 
in Garovaglit 3355 — 3000 in Taylori 3055 Asa general rule the spermatia are very 
short, and rod-shaped (or linear)—that is, straight. But in several species they are ellip- 
soid, oval, or spherical, as in Taylori, lectissima, rupestris and gemmata; and in a few 
they are long, filiform, and curved or twisted, as in Lecanora Phe ce o g. in nitida, 
atomaria, hymenogonia). Their breadth is very commonly 35555-35455; but their 
length varies greatly even in the same species (e. g. epidermidis, Taylori, and biformis). 
They are so long as 255-3055 in nitida, 3560 in nigrescens; 5555 in Taylori, biformis, 
oxyspora; 557 in Garovaglii and epidermidis, +555 in atomaria, gd,g in Taylori and 
some forms of biformis, rosos in chlorotica, 556655 in some forms of epidermidis, 
15600 in lectissima and gemmata. 
Two or three forms of Spermogone and Spermatia not unfrequently occur (e.g. in 
nitida and epidermidis). Pycnides also occur, either associated with spermogones, or 
apparently substitutionally for them, as in Taylori, chlorotica, biformis, and gemmata. 
They appear to constitute the Pyrenothea rudis and «phanes of Leighton, when they occur, 
as they sometimes do, by themselves, unassociated with apothecia or perithecia either of 
Lichens or Fungi. Moreover, in one species, V. atomaria, DC., Tulasne describes (Mém. 
