PYCNIDES OF CRUSTACEOUS LICHENS. 291 
(b) Pycnides and apothecia are intermixed, the former externally resembling the 
spermogones. The stylospores are linear-oblong, straight or slightly curved, about 34.55 
X 10000 Simple in the young state, and frequently granular, or containing distinct 
spherical nuclei as well as granular matter; in maturity 1-septate; in age occasionally 
faintly 3-septate. 
(c) Pycnides occur by themselves, of the character above described, except that the 
stylospores are somewhat larger in some cases, smaller in others. "Thus in one specimen 
they are 3455 X 13600» pale-yellow, generally 1-septate, mixed with a considerable quan- 
tity of small oil-globules; in another the stylospores are 5555 X 5560 on simple, linear, 
or filiform basidia about 5555 long with attached stylospores. The stylospores here are 
much more delicate, more frequently hyaline and simple, than in any other specimens 
examined. The matrix of the basidia is a pale-brown-coloured cellular tissue. 
` (d) On the same bark, but on a separate thallus, occur small, black, punctiform 
spermogones, with spherical spermatia about 13507 in diameter. 
Specimen 2. On poles and on rough barks of trees, England: Bohler, Lich. Britan. 
(=Exsicc.), 1814, in the Kew herb. sub Verrucaria rudis. There are two specimens 
referred to varieties « and GB, the former having a pale-brown thin thallus. In both cases 
only spermogones occur as black, distinct, crowded papillæ, containing linear, straight 
spermatia 7355 X 1.500 on short, simple sterigmata about soso long. Basal cellular 
tissue deep brown. 
Species 3. V. CINERELLA, Flot. (Nyl. Scand. p. 281; Prodr. p. 190). 
Was formerly overlooked and confounded with V. epidermidis, which it outwardly 
resembles, and with which it is frequently associated. It is at once distinguished, how- 
ever, by its brown, 1-septate, soleseform sporidia, which resemble those of 4brothallus 
Smithii, Tul. I am not prepared to admit that the mere colour of sporidia is a sufficient 
specific distinction. 
Specimen 1. On holly, Glengariff, co. Cork: Carroll; associated with Arthonia ilicina. 
Spermogones are abundant as brown or black, punctiform bodies, scattered in groups 
round the apothecia. The cavity is simple and spherical, its walls of brown cellular 
tissue. The sterigmata are very short and simple, and the spermatia atomic in size, not 
distinctly seen in the specimen examined. N ened (Prod. p. 201 describes the sper- 
matia as cylindrical, straight, acute at both ends, 3355 long and 35555 broad. 
Specimen 2. On oak in the woods at Kónitzberg, Switzerland : Scheer. Exs. No. 109, 
sub Y. biformis, Turn. and Borr.: but referable here according to my examination of 
the sporidia. Spermogones are scattered among the apothecia, and are outwardly undis- 
tinguishable from the young ones. Spermatia subellipsoid, 3055 X 35000- Sterigmata 
very short and simple. Basal cellular tissue deep brown. 
Species 4. V. OLIVACEA, Borr. (=Arthropyrenia, Mudd, Brit. Lich. p. 302). 
Specimen 1. On old bark, Easby Wood, Cleveland, Yorkshire: Leight. Exs. No. 199. 
Spermogones are very minute, black cones, scattered about or among the apothecia, and 
