294 DR. LINDSAY ON THE SPERMOGONES AND 
consist merely of a series of young thalli of nitida, separated on the one hand and united 
on the other by their black hypothalline margins, which latter give the peculiar decus- 
sate appearance referred to in the specific name. This hypothalline boundary is abun- 
dantly dotted over with spermogones, while more centrally on the thallus occur a few of 
the young apothecia of nitida. 
Another specimen in the same herbarium, from England (Dr. Power from Mr. Bing- 
ham), has also the apothecia of nitida, which are here plentiful, large, and mature. The 
black boundary-lines of the thallus are also abundant and characteristic; but there are 
few or no spermogones. 
Specimen 5. Var. nitidella, Flk. Near Cork, accompanying the type (or major) forms: 
Carroll, Mar. 1858. The spermogones are quite those of the type, or punctiform, scattered 
as usual about the black hypothalline margin. Sometimes they almost, by their numbers 
and the closeness of their aggregation, form the said margin ; in all cases they contribute 
toits conspicuousness. Occasionally they become confluent and maculeform. In all cases 
they are externally blackish. The envelope is of greenish-brown cellular tissue. Sper- 
matia vermiform—of the type, 23-555 broad, and 155-3005 long if straightened. Sterig- 
mata subcolumnar, with irregular bulging outline, very distinct and easily examined, 
about 14355 — 13559 With attached spermatia. 
Specimen 6. Var. dermatodes, Borr. (Mudd, Br. Lich. p. 299). Near Cork: Carroll. 
Spermogones are here as in the type and in var. nitidella—scatiered more sparingly, how- 
ever, about the thin, indistinct, black boundary-line as very minute, brown punctiform 
bodies. Spermatia not seen in the specimen examined. 
Species 8. V. GEMMATA, Ach. (= Thelidium, Mudd, Br. Lich. p. 297). 
Specimen 1. On trees near Cork, where it is very common: Carroll, Mar. 1858. Sper- 
mogones are abundant as black cones seattered on the white thallus outside the region of 
the apothecia, prominent both from their size and the contrast of colour between them 
and the thallus. Spermatia rod-shaped, 5355 — 15460 X 1500. apparently on longish, 
but very indistinct, arthrosterigmata. If arthrosterigmata really occur here, it is an 
exception to the rule among the Verrucariæ, whose sterigmata, like those of the Gra- 
phidei and Calicia, are usually simple and very short. , 
Specimen 2. On various trees, Dunscombes Wood, Cork: Carroll. Associated with Y. 
Taylori. Spermogones are scattered, very minute, black, punctiform. Spermatia sphe- 
rical, 15:75 in diameter, on very short, simple, linear sterigmata. Sporidia 1265 X 5666 
colourless, oval, 1-septate. 
Specimen 3. On bark, Rostellan, Cork: Carroll. Associated with Lecidea atro-grisea. 
Pyenides are scattered on the white, smoothish thallus as prominent black cones, out- 
wardly resembling young apothecia, semi-immersed, pierced by a distinct ostiole. Stylo- 
spores 3560 X 7006 — 2000 irregular in shape, oval, ellipsoid or pyriform, frequently 
pseudoseptate, or containing oil-globules. Basidia short, simple, filiform. 
Specimen 4. On old ash, Castlemartyr, co. Cork: Carroll Associated with Lecidea 
luteola, L. rubella, and Lecanora subfusca. Spermogones are unassociated with apothecia 
of the Verrucaria to which, nevertheless, they are apparently to be referred. They are 
