296 DR. LINDSAY ON THE SPERMOGONES AND 
brown or black points, abundantly scattered about the apothecia. Spermatia atomic, 
. spherical, on short, simple sterigmata. 
Specimen 2. On bark, Cork, where it is common: Carroll, Mar. 1858. Associated 
with Y. olivacea. On the same bark, but not on the same thallus, which is white, 
smoothish, and tolerably well defined—that is, associated with, though not necessarily 
belonging to, the Verrucaria—are small, brown, punctiform, scattered spermogones, un- 
accompanied by apothecia of any kind. Spermatia rod-shaped, 5555 to 
on arthrosterigmata consisting of several narrow; delicate cellules. 
In cases such as this, where the sterigmata are so different from those regarded by 
systematists as typical in the genus or species—those of the genus Verrucaria being 
represented by Nylander as simple—they are in the habit of getting rid of the difficulty 
in one of two ways,—either by ascribing error of observation, or by assigning the sper- 
mogones possessing exceptional characters to other lichens, or, if need be, to fungi. In 
a case like the present, where the spermogones in question do not occur in intimate rela- 
tion with lichen-apothecia, it may be legitimate to raise such objections. But sper- 
mogones of exceptional character so frequently occur in the most intimate connexion 
with lichen-apothecia, that where they do not so occur 1 still prefer referring them to 
the nearest lichen-apothecia, or to those lichens with which they are most commonly 
found in association, rather than, for the mere sake of getting rid of a difficulty in the 
way of classification, assigning them to supposititious lichens or fungi which are absent ! 
Specimen 3. On bark: Don in herb. Macnab; probably from Forfarshire, but no 
habitat given. Sparingly associated with apothecia are minute, black, cone-like pycnides, 
containing stylospores of a character more frequently occurring among fungi than among 
lichens. These stylospores are large, oval, pretty uniform in size when mature, fre- 
quently 1-septate, and resembling in size and form the ordinary sporidia of Y. biformis 
and Y. gemmata, containing, both in the young and old states, oil-globules. Basidia 
long, linear or filiform, slender. 
Specimen 4. Waltham, Yorkshire: Dr. Carrington. Spermogones occur of two forms, 
according to their spermatia, externally alike, save as to size, unassociated with apothecia. 
They are small, black, papilleeform, resembling the apothecia of Y. olivacea. In the one 
form the spermatia are rod-shaped, 3355 to soso, on simple sterigmata, about 1455 to 
100 With attached spermatia. In the other, whose conceptacles are larger, the sper- 
matia and sterigmata are much smaller, the former being only 3455 to 5545 long 
Specimen 5. On old barks, Shelton Rough, near Shrewsbury: Leight. Exs. No. 100. 
Spermogones abundant, scattered among the apothecia over the whitish thallus as very 
minute, black points. Spermatia in myriads, spherical, atomic, on simple, linear sterig- 
mata, branching below. 
1 1 
13000 X 30,000» 
Species 10. V. GLABRATA, Ach. 
| Specimen 1. On the bark of old beeches, Switzerland : Hepp Exs. No. 227, sub Pyrenula. 
Spermogones, mostly old, occur intermixed with apothecia, in the left-hand lower spe- 
cimen in my copy, as small, round, black dots. The cavity is simple and round; its 
