PYCNIDES OF CRUSTACEOUS LICHENS. 290 
those thalline scales which are barren of apothecia, as minute black bodies, sometimes 
papillzeform and semiimmersed, or punctiform and even depressed and wholly immersed, 
closely resembling, in the punctiform state especially, the apothecial ostioles of Endo- 
carpon rufescens or pusillum ; and hence doubtless the error of so experienced a licheno- 
logist as Nylander. Spermatia are rod-shaped, 5545 X s5:55v. on arthrosterigmata about 
3000 — sooo long, and 55655 broad, composed of a few cellules, and resembling those of 
Parmelia saxatilis and of its parasite Abrothallus oxysporus. The German plant grows 
in patches of considerable size, on calcareous rocks and stones. The apothecia are very 
large, few, and scattered. Externally, as well as internally, the spermogones in question 
frequently resemble those of the Parmelia and Abrothallus just mentioned. 
Specimen 2. Switzerland: Hepp Exs. No. 100, sub Thelotrema Schereri. Spermo- 
gones are small, black or brown, punctiform bodies, seated on the thalline scales. Sper- 
matia are rod-shaped, very minute. Sterigmata indistinct, but of the same structure as 
in the preceding, apparently short and thickish, composed of a few cellules, giving off 
spermatia both from apices and sides, as is usual in arthrosterigmata. 
Species 19. V. LECTISSIMA, Fr. (= Segestrella, Mudd, Br. Lich., p. 284). 
Specimen 1. On slate, Kerry: Dr. Moore in herb. Carroll. Spermogones are scattered 
among the apothecia : but they occur chiefly on sterile patches of the thallus. Exter- 
nally they sometimes resemble young apothecia, than which, however, they are lighter 
in colour ; they are very small, bright brownish-coloured cones or Lecideine bodies, full of 
subellipsoid spermatia, 15555 X 35-4600 on very short, simple sterigmata. 
Specimen 2. On stones that are occasionally under water, Hasligrund, Switzerland : 
Scheer. Exs. No. 285, sub Y. umbonata, Wallr. Spermogones are abundant on the left- 
hand specimen in my copy (ed. alt. immut. 1840), unaccompanied by apothecia, as pale 
brown, round, minute cones, resembling young apothecia. Spermatia are atomic, oval or 
ellipsoid, in myriads, on very short, apparently simple, linear sterigmata. Another 
specimen bears only large apothecia. 
Tribe V. CALICIEI. 
Genus I. CALICIUM. 
As a general rule, its spermogones resemble those of the Pyrenocarpei and Graphidei. 
They are most frequently punctiform, wholly or partly immersed, extremely minute, with 
great diffieulty discoverable even under the lens and after moisture. Sometimes they 
are papillzeform and semiimmersed ; or they are, though seldom, flattened cones or tuber- 
cles. Their colour is usually black, sometimes brown. Their cavity is simple and sphe- 
rical; its inner walls of a deep-brown-coloured tissue of roundish cellules. The ostiole is 
very minute and imperceptible. They are either scattered generally over the horizontal 
erustaceous thallus, or outside the region of the apothecia. Where, as sometimes happens, 
the thallus is absent, they occur, like some of those of Verrucaria and the Graphidei, 
