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CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS 
OF THE ACADEMY. 
PREAMBLE. 
EmPoweEreD by the Act of Incorporation adopted by 
Congress, and approved by the President of the United 
States, on the 4th day of March, A. D. 1863, the National 
Academy of Sciences do enact the following Constitution 
and By-Laws : — 
ARTICLE I. 
Of Members. 
Section 1. The members of the Academy shall be 
designated as Members, Honorary Members, and Foreign 
ssociates. ; 
Sect. 2. The Academy shall consist of the fifty mem- 
bers named in the Act of Incorporation, and of such others, 
citizens of the United States, as shall from time to time be 
elected to fill vacancies, in the manner hereinafter provided. 
Sect. 3. Every member shall, upon his admission, take 
the oath of allegiance prescribed by the Senate of the 
United States for its own members, and, in addition thereto, 
an oath faithfully to discharge the duties of a member of 
