II. 
CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS 
OF THE ACADEMY. 
PREAMBLE. 
Empowerep by the Act of Incorporation adopted by 
Congress, and approved by the President of the United 
States, on the 8d day of March, A. D. 1863, the National 
Academy of Sciences do enact the following Constitution 
and By-Laws :— : 
ARTICLE I. 
Of Members. 
Srctron 1. The members of the Academy shall be 
designated as Members, Honorary Members, and Foreig® 
Associates. 
Srcr. 2. The Academy shall consist of the fifty mem 
bers named in the Act of Incorporation, and of such other 
citizens of the United States, as shall from time to time be 
elected to fill vacancies, in the manner hereinafter provided. 
Sect. 3. Every member shall, upon his admission, take 
the oath of allegiance prescribed by the Senate of the 
United States for its own members, and, in addition thereto 
an oath faithfully to discharge the duties of a member of 
