ADMINISTRATIVK HK1'(»UT xxi 



tions of a prearranged series. For tliis rcas..n it l.as i„,t l.itl.- 

 erto been deemed necessary to introduce i)sv,-li..iM.-tri,' u<.rk 

 in connection with the etlniokigic researches, "tl,,. ..hservations 

 on Indian habits and artifacts seeniinu- t<. alturd a satista«-tnrv 

 index to and measure of the aborig-inal mind. In its ^r,.,u.ral 

 aspect the principle may be said to liave l)eeii estabhsl.ed 

 early in the history of the Bureau tluou<rli <.l)servations ..n 

 activital coincidences which have since l)een formulated in the 

 comprehensive law of the respon.sivity of mind: so ;r,.i„'ralized, 

 the principle may be regarded as tlie keynote of etimic science, 

 the Rosetta stone whereby the characters of all races mav In- 

 interpreted. The recognition of the jjiiiiciple serves also to 

 explain and establisji the sequence of stages in human dev«-l- 

 opment inferred from observations of manv peoj)K-s; tliat is, 

 from savagery, through barbarism and civilization, up to en- 

 hghtenment, since it shows that each transition was the prod- 

 uct of cumnlative experiences, long assimilated and apjdicd 

 through commonplace habits rather than through abstra«-t 

 reflection; for in all the lower stages of human progress the 

 mind borrows from the hand. Customarily, the stages of cid- 

 ture are defined on the basis of social organization, but they 

 may be defined nearly as conveniently in terms of ]»sy<'iiic 

 development. So defined, primordial savagery is not merely 

 the stage in which the law rests on maternal kinship, but 

 that of instinctive imitation, in which experience is |»t 

 ceptive rather than apperce})tive, while knowledge increases 

 through accident rather than design. Similarly, barbarism 

 is not onlv the stage of paternal kinship and |iatriarchy, 

 but that of awakening apperception accompanie(l by distrust 

 and dread of nature, in which knowledge is stiuudated by 

 notions of divination, with accouipanying jdiysical tests slowly 

 assimilated in conscious experience. In like mamier <-ivdiza- 

 tion is not simply the stage of law based on t.-rritorial right, 

 but that of habitual discovery, in whi.h n.-w-tbuud fact.s are 

 consciously perceived and utilized. So, als<.. ..ulightenuient 

 means more than mere recogniti.»n of individual rights as the 

 basis of law; for it is the stage of invention and of the um..n ot 

 individuals for conquest over nature through the exercise ol 



