XXII BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



definite prevision based oil accumulated experience. Defined 

 in a word, resjoectively, the four psychic stages are those of 

 (1) imitation, (2) divination, (3) discovery, and (4) invention. 

 Now, among" the apphcations of the principle of the interde- 

 pendence of thought and action, none are more important than 

 those pertaining to the developmental stages; for the leading 

 problems of the world to-day are connected with the lifting of 

 lower races and more primitive cultures to the planes of civil- 

 ization and enlightenment. The special applications are innu- 

 merable, but they cluster about the general principles: (1) that 

 in primitive culture thought is engendered by action, (2) that in 

 higher culture thought leads action, and (3) that hence the most 

 effective waysof raisinglower peoples are those of manual rather 

 than mental training. All systematic observations indicate that 

 in the earlier stages the mental clings to the manual so closely 

 that the primitive artisan feels the implement as a part of him- 

 self and commonly believes that a part of his personality goes 

 out into both tool and product; thus his craft is a constant 

 stimulus to mental activity and prepares him for further steps 

 in the long way leading from the plane of fettering instinct to 

 that of free invention. When the savage or barbarian is so 

 far educated that his hand intuitively moves knife or saw or 

 plane by pushing outward instead of pulling inward, his mind 

 is in the third quarter of the normal course of development; 

 but to this position he can be raised only by the oft-repeated 

 example and simple precept of rational training applied to 

 lower races. The researches along these lines are not com- 

 plete; some of the results were incorporated in a brief paper 

 on Primitive Numbers published in the Nineteenth Annual 

 Report; and a prehminary account of certain results was pub- 

 lished during the year under the title Germe d'une Industrie 

 de la Pierre en Amerique, in L' Anthropologic, Paris. 



Work in Esthetology 



Mr Mooney remained in the field throughout the greater 

 part of the year, and his researches were such as to yield mate- 

 rial for a prospective report on Indian heraldry. His investi- 

 gations during several years past have shown that various 



