284 THE ZUNI INDIANS [eth. ann. 23 



1583, — . Antonio de Espejo, with Fray Bernardino Beltran and an escort of four- 

 teen men, visited a group of six pueblos; one of them named Aquico (Hawi- 

 kuh), "which they call Zuni, and by another name Cibola." Here crosses 

 W'Cre found erected near the pueblos and three Christian Mexican Indians 

 who had been left by Coronado forty-one years previous, fray Bernardino 

 remained at Hawikuh for several weeks, while Espejo made a tour to the 

 west. 



1598, September 9. The province of Zufii became a parochial district under the new 

 governorship of Juan de Oiiate, the colonizer of New Mexico, and Fray 

 Andres Corchado was assigned to it, but he never was an active missionary 

 there. In the records Fray Juan Claros is also assigned to this parish, 

 through misunderstanding. 



1598, November. Juan de Oiiate visited Zuiii, and on November 9 the natives made 

 their vows of obedience and vassalage. Onate mentions the six villages by 

 name: Aguicobi, or Aguscobi (Hawikuh); Canabi (Kyanawe?); Coaqueria 

 (Kyakima); Halonagu (Halona); Macaqui (Matsaki); and Aquinsa (Apin- 

 awa?). Crosses were found and also children of the Mexican Indians left 

 behind by Coronado. Here Oiiate spent only a couple of days. 



1598, December 10 (?). Ofiate passed through Zufii on his way back to the Rio 

 Grande from the Hopi country. 



1604, October. Onate again visited Zufii, or Cibola, on his way from the capital of 



New Mexico, San Gabriel, on the Rio Grande, to the Gulf of California. 

 The province consisted of six villages containing about 300 houses. Hawi- 

 kuh was the most important village at this time, its houses numl)ering 110. 

 In Coronado's time it was said to have more than 200 houses or 500 families. 

 From thence Onate proceeded to the Hopi country, the province of Tusayan. 



1605, April. Ofiate probably pass^ through Zufii on his way from the mouth of the 



Colorado to the Rio Grande, as he carved an inscription April 16 on El Morro, 

 or Inscription Rock, 35 miles east of Zufii. 



16'29, June 23. A band of missionaries under Fray Estevan de Perea, accompanied 

 by the governor, Don Francisco Manuel de Silva Nieto, started westward 

 from Santa Fe for the purpose of planting missions among the Acomas, Zufiis, 

 and Hopis. They evidently reached Zufii late in July, as Nieto's first inscrip- 

 tion on El Morro is dated July 29. Fray Roque de Figueredo, Fray Agustin 

 de Cuellar, and Fray Francisco de la Madre de Dios, together with three 

 soldiers, one of whom was Juan Gonzales, remained at Zufii. A house was 

 bought for religious purposes at Hawikuh, which became the first mission 

 established in the Zufii countrj'. Possibly the Hawikuh church, the walls 

 of which are still traceable, was built by these missionaries, and they may 

 also have erected the church the ruins of which still stand at Ketchipauan, 

 on a mesa southeast of Ojo Caliente, as well as the one which formerly 

 existed at Halona. These three missionaries disappear from Zufii history 

 before 1632. They were succeeded by Fray Francisco Letrado, who arrived 

 in New Mexico in 1629 and was first assigned to the Jumanos east of the 

 Rio Grande. 



1632, Februartj 22. The Zufiis killed Fray Francisco Letrado at Hawikuh and fled 

 to Toaiyalone, where they remained about three years. 



1632, February 21. Some Zufiis, having followed Fray Martin de Arvide, murdered 

 him and his escort of two soldiers on their way from the Zufii villages to a 

 tribe called Cipias, or Zipias, who lived toward the west. 



1632, March 23. The maestro de campo, Tomas de Albizu, was at El Morro on his 

 way to Zufii with some priests and a small detachment, to reduce the Zufii 

 stronghold. They were admitted to the summit of the mesa, and the Zunis 

 promised to be peaceful thenceforth. 



