318 THE ZUNI INDIANS [eth. ann. 23 



Aside from personal observations oi the ^^aiiies, the writer's investi- 

 gations have l)een made through the rain priests, elder and younger 

 brother Bow priests, personatoi's of the Ko'yemshi (see page 33) and 

 the theurgists. As the elder and younger brother Ijow priests are the 

 earthly representatives of the Gods of War, they are supposed to have 

 intimate acquaintance with all things connected with these deities. 



Man}' of the sages of Zuni, including Nai'uchi, assert that the first 

 eight of the seventeen games mentioned in the following list belong to 

 the Gods of War. One, they say, was originated I)}- the Zufiis, four 

 are the games of the Ko'vemshi gods, one was adopted from the 

 Navahos, and three came from Mexico. Others siU' that five games 

 l)elong to the Gods of War, three originated with the Zunis, live are 

 the games of the Ko'yemshi, two came from the Navahos, and two 

 came from Mexico. Where there is any question as to the origin of 

 these games, both sources will be given. The origin claimed by 

 Nai'uchi and other sages is mentioned tirst in cases where other deriva- 

 tions are given. The games are as follows: 



Ti'kwane, plural ti'kwawe (racing stick); sho'liwe (arrow reeds); 

 i'yankolo'we (hidden ball); ho'kiamonne (yucca ball); la'pochiwe 

 (crossed feathers); ha'poiinne pihl'kwanawe (bundle of reeds), Gods of 

 War, Zuni; sa'yat'laknawe (horns kill), Gods (^f War, Zuni; sho'wi- 

 yaltowe (arrow reeds one on the other), Gods of War, Navaho; 

 po'kii iinnawe (jack-rabbits hit), Zuili; *si'kon-ya'mune ti'kwane the 

 rain-makers' game, Ko'yemshi; po'pone (wool bag) Ko'3'emshi, Mex- 

 ican; po'pone kiap'nane (ball whipping), Ko'yemshi; ya'chuni sa'wanni, 

 Ko'yemshi; 'kiash'tuwiwi, Ko'yemshi; ta'-sholiwe (wood arrow-reeds), 

 Navaho; tiin'kalawe, Mexican; a'wet'laknawe (stones kill) checkers, 

 Mexican. 



T{'hra//c. There are but two exclusively religious games of ti'kwawe 

 played annually. In one members of the ki'wi^siwe" play; in the 

 other the clans take part. Both of these games are for rain to water 

 the earth that the crops may grow. They take place some days pre- 

 vious to corn planting, which usually occurs from May 10 to May 15. 

 These religious games must precede the betting games of ti'kwawe, 

 which may occur at any time afterward when not prohibited by the 

 retreat of the rain priests for rain.'' 



Ti'kwane race of the l-i'iri'skre. The A'pi"lashiwanni (Bow priest- 

 hood) convene six days previous to the race and remain in session 

 throughout the night. On the following morning they prepare prayer 

 plumes to the Gods of War, the Sal'imobiya, warrior gods and seed- 

 gatherers of the six regions, and to the deceased members of the Bow 

 priesthood. A portion of these offerings are deposited at noon the 



a See p. 62. 



i'Ti'kwane has been described by Mr F. W. Hodge in the American Anthropologist (July, 1890) 

 and also by the late Mr John G. Owens, in connection with other games, in the Popular Science 

 Monthly (May, 1891). Both of these gentlemen have visited Zuni. tmt they fail to give a systematic 

 account of the game as it is played under the varying conditions. 



