348 THE ZUNI INDIANS Leth. ann. 25 



other; forty small stones, a stone disk, and straws or slender strips of 

 wood. This g-ame is played out of doors. The stones are laid in a circle, 

 broken into four segments, with a disk in the center. From two to four 

 persons generally play, but the number is not limited to four. The 

 staves are held vertically over the disk and thrown downward with 

 force (see plate lxxxiv). The three colored sides coming up entitles 

 the player to move his marker by ten of the stones. The three' 

 uncolored or white sides coming up gives the player five moves; two 

 uncolored and one colored up gives the player three moves; two col- 

 ored and one uncolored up entitles the pla3'er to two moves. The 

 markers, being moved in opposite directions, sometimes meet. In 

 such case the last player is said to be killed and must begin again at 

 the starting point. The first one around the circle wins the game, 

 provided his count does not carry him beyond the starting point, in 

 which event he must continue going around until his counter reaches 

 the doorway, or spring, as the opening is often called." 



Tdn'Jadaine. This is similar to quoits, and is played as frequently 

 by young boys as by their elders. Any number ma\' play. The 

 stakes are placed on a corncob or sometimes on a stone planted in 

 the ground. The players throw a stone disk, aiming to strike a line 

 marked on the ground. The one coming nearest has the privilege of 

 throwing first at the stake. If the corncob is knocked over and the 

 disk remains by it, the thrower has another chance; if the disk goes 

 beyond the corncob, he loses; if it falls short of the cob, he wins. 



A'toef'lahiawe {stones hill). The implements of this game are a 

 number of small flat stones, having a difi'erent color for each side, and a 

 stone slab with geometrical markings. An improvised board is some- 

 times marked on the ground. There is no specified size for the board, 

 this being larger or smaller, according to the number of angles. The 

 stones are placed on all the intersections of the geometrical drawing 

 except the central one. The first player moves to the center, where 

 his man is jumped by his opponent. The stones may be moved in any 

 direction so long as the lines are followed.* 



oTa'sholiwe (ta from ta'we, wood; sho'liwe, arrow reeds) is played extensively by the Zunis, 

 although the writer has never observed prominent men playing it. Notwithstanding the Zunis claim 

 that they adopted the game from the Navahos, the Sia Indians, who call it wash'kasi, regard it as one 

 of their oldest games. Instead of the circle, they form a square with ten stones on each side (see 

 The Sia, Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology). Dr E. B. Tylor, in his paper on 

 "American lot games as evidence of Asiatic intercourse before the time of Columbus," refers at length 

 to this game, giving a diagram of it as played by the Apache Indians, which is identical with the form 

 of the game as played by the Zunis. Mr Culin, in Chess and Playing Cards, calls attention to a form of 

 ta'sholiwe known as " tem thla nah na ta sho li we (of all the regions wood canes)." The writer has 

 not discovered any such form as is described by Mr Culin, but a Zuiii will sometimes, when he wishes 

 to play sho'liwe, refer to the canes as tf m''la na'nakwe sho'liwe (all grandfathers' arrow reeds, i. e., 

 reeds of our forefathers). 



hThe Zniiis also make the checkerboard within a circle, and in this case they have the advantage 

 of resorting to the periphery when cornered. Some of the older men of Zuiii declare that this game, 

 when it came originally to Zuni from Mexico, was played with a set of stones for one side and a stick 



