STEVENSON] ARTS AND INDUSTRIES 851 



have all shades of yellow and blue, and of red from the deepest carduial 

 to the most delicate pink. The white corn is intenseh' white, and there 

 are remarkal)le varieties of variegated corn. There are several shades 

 of purple corn, and black corn. The same variet}' of shades is to be 

 found in the beans, which are grown in the cornfield. Much of the 

 corn and all of the wheat is raised in the farming districts of Nutria, 

 Pescado, and Ojo Caliente. The cornfields also spread over the land 

 near Zuni and elsewhere. In most instances the fields remote from 

 the farming districts are not irrigated. The corn is grown in clusters 

 so as to give a better chance for development in this arid land. The 

 three farming- districts are each irrigated from a spring. The descrip- 

 tion of one will answer for all. The spi'ing To'soluna, at Ojo Caliente, 

 is at the base of a low limestone mountain. The body of the spring, 

 which is deep, is between 35 and 40 feet long, 18 by 20 feet wide, 

 and is a beautiful, clear sheet of water. The Zunis sa}' that a man 

 may sink to his neck, but the force of the water as it comes from 

 the earth is so great as to yjrevent his touching bottom. It is said 

 that a woman returning to Ojo Caliente with a buno loaded with 

 milling stones, about twenty-tivc years ago, allowed tiu- kttle animal 

 to go into the spring- to drink. The weight of the stones, carried him 

 to the bottom, and he disappeared forever from sight. 



Two ditches extend in different directions from the spring for irri- 

 gating the fields. The main ditch waters an area a))out 8i by 2i 

 miles, while the other does not irrigate so large a surface. Since the 

 main ditch is lower than the other, it often becomes necessary to dam 

 it in order that a greater force of water may go from the spring 

 into the higher ditch. To accomplish this, earth is banked between a 

 number of tree boles which stand in line where the Avaler of the spring 

 flows into the ditch. The damming is done by the master of the dit'h 

 at the request of those who desire water from the higher ditch. No 

 stick or board or any other kind of water measure is used by the 

 Zunis, and there is no history or legend among them of the employ- 

 ment of such articles. Disputes over the water seldom occur; when 

 one does occur the governor of Zuni settles the (juestion. It is the 

 business of the governor to see that the water is fairly distril)uted. 



When the writer visited To'seluna spring in 1904, she found men 

 making, under the direction of the master of the ditch, a temporary 

 ditch to enable a woman to water her garden, which was on an eleva- 

 tion immediately above the spring. In order to have the water reach 

 this garden it was necessary to dam ]H)th of the main ditches. 



Muskmelons, watermelons, squashes, and gourds are usually grown 

 near the cornfields. When the corn and melons l)egin to rii)en the 

 fields are constantly guarded, and for this purpose rude shelters are 

 erected (figure 22). The country is so infested with ravens that the 

 Zunis have become expert in the construction of scarecrows. The 



