382 THE ZUNI INDIANS ' [eth. ann. 23 



sackful and passed off as genuine. So it is also with masks and altars. 

 Any number of fraudulent objects may be obtained at the prices set 

 by the clever Indians. 



The village as a whole has undergone considerable change since 

 1879. The corrals which were immediately around the village, almost 

 at the doors, have been removed to a distance. The walls of the old 

 Spanish church are nearly gone. In 1879 the walls of this church 

 were in a fair state of preservation and partly roofed. The two 

 bells, rung by striking with stone hammers, which hung in the bel- 

 frv are in the care of one of the Zuni theurgists. The lone cotton- 

 wood tree which long stood in the village has disappeared. The 

 streets are now kept in much better condition than formerly. The gen- 

 eral improvement in living is due principally to additional trading 

 stations scattered through the country. The adoption of foreign 

 ways, however, has brought with it the evils of intoxication and 

 trickery in dealing with the white man, whom tbey delight to lie to 

 and cheat, though among themselves the Zufiis are still honest. They 

 are as secretive as ever concerning their religion and rituals, and they 

 are as far from Christianization as before the Spaniard set foot in 

 their land. The few who attend the Christian services do so with no 

 real understanding of what the services mean. One marriage has been 

 solemnized by a Protestant minister. The girl is Nina, the grand- 

 daughter of Nai'uchi formerh" elder brother Bow priest. Though 

 Nina at one time showed with much pride her marriage certificate 

 given her by the minister who performed the marriage ceremon}", 

 realizing that it was something her Zuni sisters did not possess, 

 she had no real conception of Christianit}". In 19u4 the certificate 

 was destroyed, that both Nina and her husband should be rid of 

 Christianity. 



The writer named Nina when she was 4 years of age, and started 

 her to school, exacting a promise from Nai'uchi that he would compel 

 her regidar attendance. This promise was solemnly kept, though 

 Nina many times begged to be allowed to leave school. After several 

 years of regular instruction she understood considerable English, and 

 later grew to have remarkable command of the language, which she 

 still retains, though she has come in contact with Americans but little 

 since she left school. When asked by the writer in 1902 how she 

 remembered English so well when she saw so few Americans, she 

 replied: "I make two people of myself and I talk to m3'self.'''" 



Although there had been a school at the pueblo since 1876, the few 

 other Zufiis who spoke an v English in 1896 were men who had acquired 

 a meager knowledge of the language as they came into communication 

 with explorers and others, and the adopted child of a teacher. The 



"Tu'maka, a man who was taught when a boy by Mr Graham, many years a trader at Zuni, and 

 now agent to these people, has a good understanding of English. 



