STEVENSON] 



ORIGTN OF THE FRATERNITIES 421 



The *Ko'shi'kwe and A'i)i"la.shiwanni are not divided into orders 

 like the other fraternities. Those who have performed valorous deeds, 

 such as killing an enemy, may join the 'Ko'shi'kwe; one must not 

 only have killed the enemy, but must have brought in the scalp, to 

 entitle him to membership in the A'pi'Mashiwanni— at least such was 

 the custom until moi-e recent years. The cessation of intertribal wars, 

 with the consequent absence of scalps, has so depleted this oi-ganiza- 

 tion, in many respects the most powerful in Zufii, that men who have 

 never been in an engagement w^ith the enemy are received into the 

 fraternity, and the ceremony of initiation occurs exactly as if they 

 were genuine victors, an old scalp from the scalp house, without a 

 vestige of hair, being used in place of the fresh scalp. 



All the fraternities except the 'Hle'wekwe, 'Ko'shi'kwe, and A'pi"- 

 Ijishiwanni hold synchronal meetings for (>ight days and nights at the 

 winter solstice (see page 112), when the sick are healed, swords are 

 swallowed by those belonging to the Sword order of the Great Fire 

 fraternity, and playing with tire and jugglery are practiced. There is 

 no initiation at this time. Suds to symbolize snow clouds are made by 

 the deputy a'kwamosi (maker of medicine water), who whips in a bowl 

 of water with a reed, such as arrow shafts are made of, a crushed or 

 broken root, praying meantime for cold rains and snows. At other 

 times meetings of these fraternities do not continue longer than one 

 day and a night unless there is to be an initiation, when the fraterni- 

 ties must convene during four days— for three nights until midnight, 

 for the fourth' until sunrise. 



The 'Ko'shi'kwe meets on the tirst day and night only of the festival 

 of the winter solstice. The members of the A'pi'Miishiwanni meet 

 separately at this time with the fraternities to which they are allied as 

 warriors ^or guardians of the altars and fetishes. The fraternities 

 having the order of Mystery medicine meet in January for initiation 

 and to heal the sick. They may or may not practice jugglery. Such 

 fraternities as have the Fire order meet in February. As a rule, only 

 the Little Fire and Cimex fraternities meet in :March. and their meet- 

 ings occur but once in four years, the Cimex alternating ([uadrenni- 

 ally with the Little Fire in the Great Fire dance. Tiie fraternities do 

 not convene in April and May. There are synchronous meetings of 

 the fraternities at the summer solstice, to invoke the Beast (iods to 

 intercede with the rain-makers for rain, when the A'pi"lashiwanni act 

 as warriors and guardians of the altars, as they do at the winter sol- 

 stice. No ceremonies of the fraternities are held in July. The frater- 

 nities, except the 'Hle'wekwe and A'pi'Hashiwa.mi. convene in Augi\st 

 and September to prepare their plant medicines, at which tmies there 

 are elaborate ceremonies. These fraternities meet auain in October and 

 November for initiation, when the sick are healed and tire eating and 



