THE LIST OP SHESHONQ AT KARNAK. 109 



limit of the JeAvish territoiy.* His opinion was rejected by 

 Blau,t who prefers Etham DtD^i^, hut Hoiige t pronounces 

 for Azem, which answers in fact more exactly than Azraon 

 to the hieroglyphic orthogi-apliy. The identity of the two 

 towns is certain, but the position of Azem is considered 

 undecided by most authors who have studied the Bible. 

 The Avay in Avhich the text of Sheshonq introduces Azama, 

 a little distance from Migdol-Gad (el-]\Iedjdel), and lourza 

 (Kh. lerzah), obliges us to dismiss the hypotheses of those 

 among them who place Azem very far towards the south ; 

 that of Wilton, for example, who Avould recognize only one 

 place in the names Ijim and Azem in the book of Joshua, 

 and sets it at el-Aujeh, in the territory of the Azazimeh 

 Arabs. 



Tt is probable that this town should be found in the most 

 northern part of Simeon, between Ouady el-Hesi and Ouadi 

 esh-Sheriah, nearer the former than the latter, since the 

 Egyptian list inserts only five cartouches between lourza and 

 Azama. The precise place is all the harder to determine, be- 

 cause to meet with a town whose situation shall be free from 

 doubts, we must go down mere than forty cartouches lower, 

 to the Canaanite Arad (No. lO.S). There at least we find 

 ourselves for a moment on solid ground. Tli^ Arad is the 



Tell-Arad of our modern maps.§ If we reflect that our list 

 consists of many series of names representing sites little 

 remote from one another, we shall be brought to believe 

 that these forty and odd cartouches, of unsettled value for 

 the moment, should be scattered in more or less regular 

 fashion over the country which extends from the environs 

 of lerzah to those of Arad. The presence in the preceding- 

 sections of many places set pretty close to one another to 

 the north of Ouady el-Hesy leads me to think that the earlier 

 at least of these forty cartouches should be sought either on 

 the very course of this Ouady, or in the mass of hills Avhich 

 border its southern edge. On the other hand the absence 

 of names such as Gerar and Ber-Sheba seems to prove that 

 the geographical area of the list does not extend very far 

 towards the south. The district to explore is not then so 

 considerable as Ave should be tempted to belicA'^e at first 



* Numbers xxxiv, 4 ; .Joshua xv, 4. 

 t Blau, Si'saqs Zug, in the Z.d.d.M., XV, p. 241. 

 I E. (le Rouge, 2Ie'moire sur VOrujinc, pp. 77, 95. 

 § Bmgsch, (Jeoqr. Ins., T. II, p. 70. 



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