42 TWO summers' "WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS [eth. ann. 22 



III many of the ruins there are found at tlie base of the mesa on the 

 south and east sides rooms of a single story which, from tlieir position, 

 we may designate basal rooms. They are now covered with debris, but 

 were once protected by the overhanging edge of the mesa, suggesting 

 cliff liouses, of which they maj' be a survival. These basal structures 

 may have been used as granaries, but in none of them were remains 

 of roofs found. 



"With the exception of ruin a, group B, most of the ruins show little 

 evidence of long occupancy; few logs or beams remain in them, there 

 are no extensive deposits of debris, and there is a lack of large quan- 

 tities of pottery fragments such as are usually found about pueblos 

 which have been occupied for many generations. The general indi- 

 cation is that these buildings were inhabited in comparatively modern 

 times. 



None of the rooms sIkjw marks of surface i^lasteriug, except those 

 of group B, where it is confined to the interior of the walls, as is the 

 ca.se with the older Hopi buildings. 



The size of the rooms is much greater than is common in very 

 ancient ruins. No kivas are found, and it is believed that the 

 religious ceremonies were held in the ordinary domiciles. No build- 

 ing had a roof intact, but in many instances the remains of the roofs 

 and floors of the upper rooms were found in the chambers below. 



The fact that wooden beams occur so abundantly in ruin A, group 

 B, implies that it was either the last pueblo to be abandoned in this 

 neighborhood or that the beams were taken from the others to it, and 

 when it was deserted its inhabitants moved too far away to carrj' heavy 

 objects with them. Some of the timbers in the modern Hopi houses 

 are said to have been dragged from the Little Colorado, ijossibly from 

 old ruins. 



Group A 



Group A includes a cluster of i-uins which as a rule are small and 

 have a general similarity in construction. It is situated about 1-5 miles 

 west of Little Colorado river. Following the road from Flagstaff to 

 Tuba to within about 11 miles of Tanner's ci'ossing, after passing 

 Deadmau's flat the visitor turns to the right, and, proceeding 4 miles 

 eastward, finds himself i]i the midst of the group. There are no trails 

 or wagon tracks from the well-traveled Tuba road to group A, but 

 the country is .so level that one can readily go overland to almost 

 any point. A castellated, truncated lava cone, the "Citadel" of 

 the group, can be seen soon after one leaves the Tuba road, and 

 this ijrominent landmark gives the general direction of the ruins 

 among which it is situated. From the top of this citadel all the ruins 

 of group A, with one or two exceptions, are visible, and the visitor is 

 advised to in.spect it first in order to determine the position of the 

 surrounding ruins (see plate A'li). 



