FKWKEs] TRADE IN PACIFIC COAST SHELLS 93 



beads, of which there were many huudreds. Some of these were 

 large and of coarse make, l)ut others were so minute that it remains 

 a marvel how they could liave Ijeen manufactured witli the rude 

 implements a stone-age people had at its control. In some insfances 

 the perforations were but a trifle larger than the diameter of a fine 

 needle, with rim not over a sixteenth of an inch wide. The thickness 

 of these beads was not greater than that of paper. 



All the .species of shells which were found in ruins belong to the 

 moUuscan fauna of the Pacific, and are still used for ceremonial oi' 

 ornamental purposes in modern Hopi iDueblos. A majority of these 

 have been collected in cliff houses and eavate dwellings, and likewise 

 occur in even greater numbers in the ruins along the Gila and Salado 

 rivers in southern Arizona. Not a single sijeeimen was found which 

 could be traced to the Atlantic water.shed, but the source of all was 

 the Pacific ocean, or, what is practically for our purposes the same, the 

 gulf of California. Still more significant is the fact that the art upon 

 them— the syml^olism with which they are decorated — is identical 

 with that on the pottery of the ancient sedentary people of southern 

 Arizona. 



It may be said that the simple existence of these shells in the ruins 

 from the Gila valley to modern Tusayan can be explained on the the- 

 ory of barter, and that their distribution does not prove racial kinship 

 of former owners is self-evident. The theory that the same symbolism 

 and treatment of the material originated independent^ can not be 

 seriously urged in this case. While there is no proof one way or the 

 other that these shells were worked by the people who lived in the 

 ancient ruins, it is pi'obable that the ancestors of the Hopis maj- have 

 brought them in their migrations from the south. That the cul- 

 ture came to Tusayan from the south appears probable, and Hopi 

 traditionists claim that not only their culture, but also the ancestors 

 of certain component clans of their people came from that direction 

 into Tusayan. So far as archeological researches bearing on this 

 problem are concerned, they verify the claim that the remote ancestors 

 of the Patki people of Tusayan formerly inhabited the Gila-Salado 

 drainage area, and were closely allied to the Pimas, or some other 

 tribe of that slope. 



BoxE Implements 



The collection of bone implements was large and varied in character. 

 In the specimens from Chaves pass, where, from the nature of the 

 country, antelope were abundant, we find a large number of bone 

 implements made of the leg bones of the Cervidse (see figure 53), 

 but in the ruins of the Little Colorado, that is, Homolobi and 

 Chevlon, bird bones commonly formed the material from which they 

 were made, and few large bone awls were found. 



