122' TWO summers' work in Pt'EBLO RUINS [eth. ann. 22 



trace the similarities, if any, of the art remains of these ancient 

 farmers with tliose of peoples who once lived on the Little Colorado 

 and its southern ti-ibutaries — what resemblances there were in 

 implements, pottery, and other art products, aiid what likeness in 

 manners and customs, as indicated by areheolo.i-ical data. 



One of the most important objects of the expedition was to add to 

 the sum of available i^aleographical material from different sections 

 of the valley drained I13' the Little Colorado river. Although the 

 amount of this material now in museums is large, an increase of it 

 was considei-ed desirable. It has been pointed out elsewhere that 

 pictures on old pottery are objective expressions of religious sym- 

 bolism, and that they should be treated as such. Each ruin has 

 its characteristic designs, and there are features peculiar to certain 

 localities. An intei'i^retation of this highly interesting pictography 

 can be facilitated by the discovery of new pictures, and the more 

 numerous the localities from which it is obtained the more important 

 will be its teaching. A discovery of the geographical limits of the 

 same symbolism is important, and its connection with the migration 

 of certain clans is signiticant. 



The influence of environment on ancient pottery is a subject of no 

 less interest than that of its symbolism. As we pass, in the South- 

 west, from one locality to another, the ingredients of the clay from 

 which pottery is made change, and the action of lire upon these com- 

 ponents leads to modifications in their colors when they are used in 

 decoration. It would be instructive to fallow these changes in their 

 manj- modifications and determine what relations exist between the 

 distribution of various clays and different colored pottery. This 

 would require a collection of ceramic wares from many localities. "We 

 can rely only in part on classifications of pottery based on colors as 

 indicative of kinship. People of different stocks make pottery of the 

 same colors when tlu;y use the same or similar clays. Decorations of 

 the same kind, or an identical symbolism, are a much more trustworthy 

 basis of classification, although not always reliable. 



The ruins studied in 1897 were chosen with a view of obtaining 

 comparative data concerning pottery and its decoration from localities 

 in different latitudes of Arizona as nearly as possible on the same 

 meridian as those studied in previous years. 



The investigations at Kintiel were especially directed toward the 

 future plotting of an archeological meridian through Zuili as a basis 

 of comparison with the Tusayan zone, in which Walpi is situated. 



It is possible for the expert student of modern pueblo pottery to 

 determine at a glance the pueblo in which any piece was made. 

 Thus, no specialist would mistake a Zuili vase for one from Acoma 

 or confound a Tusayan food bowl with one from Laguna or Santa 

 Clara. This exact knowledge has become possible from the fact that 

 our museums ai-e rich in modern ware and familiarity with its char- 



