FE^VKES] PLAN OF 1897 EXPEDITION 123 



at'teristics is iiossiblc; but an ability to identify modern jiueblo pot- 

 tery by its symbolism is of little lielp in the determination of ancient 

 ware from the several localities. To determine whether an ancient 

 vessel caiiie from near Zufii or from the neighborhood of Walpi we 

 must study typical collections of ancient ware. From investigations 

 tlius far conducted the author is able to distinguish ancient Hopi 

 from ancient Zujii pottery, but the geographical limits of each are 

 unknown to him and he is wholly unable to distinguish ancient Jemez 

 ware from that of Acoma, Sia, or Cochiti. F(n- a provisional classifi- 

 cation the author has divided the pueblo area into a number of par- 

 allel zones extending north and south. Tusayan lies in one of these 

 zones, Kintiel and Zuiii in another. Wluitever zones it may be nec- 

 essary to make to facilitate the study of aucient ijottery of the eastern 

 pueblos does not concei-n the present report, but it is woi-thy of note 

 that thus far ancient material from them is so limited that even a 

 provisional determination of these areas is premature. 



The author has collected no legends of the Hopi Indians which 

 refer in any way to the ruins excavated in 1897, and he believes it is to 

 the Zufiis ratlierthan to the Ilopis tliatwe should look for traditional 

 accounts of them which may still survive. Nor has he found any his- 

 torical reference to old houses on tlie Little Colorado river, although 

 Four-mile ruin is situated west of Zuni, and may have been one of 

 the pueblos of the Cipias, a sedentarj' tribe mentioned bj' Spanish 

 writers in the seventeenth century. Though this name is said still 

 to survive in Zufn legends, the author has thus far failed to elicit 

 any information in Hopi stories regarding the ancient Cipias" (see 

 page 23). 



The pueblos in the region south of Holbrook are too far east to be 

 referred to the Patki and other clans which claim Homolobi as their 

 former home; and tlieir surroundings do not in any way agree with 

 the current Hopi account of Palatkwabi, the " Old Red land," or the 

 "Giant Cactus countr\-." It is always to the mountains south of 

 Winslow that the old men of the Patki clan point when they tell of 

 the place of origin of their forefathers. It is instructive to remember 

 that the invasion of the Apaches, directed against the modern Hopi 

 pueblos, was always from tlie south, while that of the Utes was from 

 the north. The earliest historical account of the contact of the Apa- 

 ches with the Ilopis indicates that these Athapascan nomads shut 

 tlie latter off from tlieir southern kindred l\y occupying the trails 

 to the Gila and causing Homolobi to be abandoned, and then pressed 

 north against the modern towns. 



"The Hopi namo of the modem pueblo Isleta is Tcipiya. 



