158 TWO summers' WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS [eth. ann.22 



of sun symbols, and there are other instances whieli might be men- 

 tioned of two or more symbols representing the same thing. This 

 duplication is explained by the composite nature of the tribe, one 

 family adding one type, another a second, and so on. In the amalga- 

 mation of the clans each of these symbols becomes no longer limited 

 to the family which brought it to the pueblo. While the semicircular 

 rain-cloud symbol predominates, the survivals of the triangular and 

 rectangular are numerous and suggestive. 



The oldest form in Tiisayan, so far as archeology teaches, is the 

 rectangular, but the triangular is possibly equally ancient in the 

 ruins along the Little Colorado. 



Character xsv Treatment of Mortuary Pottery 



It must be confessed that the pottery now jjlaced over the dead is 

 of poor quality and scanty in quantity, as compared with that used 

 by the ancients for that purpose. The fine ware rarely serves this 

 purpose, but is retained in the household. It may be interesting to 

 note that among the modern Ilopis special pottery objects are not 

 manufactured for mortuary purposes, and the same is true of ancient 

 burials. In the latter many of these objects show manifest signs of 

 former use in the householil. 



To what extent the survivors of the deceased purposely broke 

 mortuary vessels, nicked fragments from them when they were depos- 

 ited in the graves, or in other ways symbolically "killed" them, it is 

 very difficult to say. Many mortuary vessels have been found which 

 were as perfect as when made; others were undoubtedly purposely 

 broken before they were deposited with the dead. The great pres- 

 sure of the earth above them doubtless fractured the largest number, 

 and many were broken while being extracted from the soil. There is 

 no direct evidence that mortuary jjottery was ever to any great extent 

 purj^osely broken before it was deposited in the cemeteries of Four- 

 mile ruin. 



potter's outfit 



One of the bodies exhumed from the northern ceanetery was accom- 

 panied by a potter's "outfit," consisting of the different ingredients 

 used in making pottery and of smooth stones and other implements 

 with which it was made. In other ruins the author has found masses 

 of potter's clay such as are used by the potter, but nowhere as complete 

 a collection of clays, pigments, and the like as in this grave. 



The objects were: 



1. Knife made of a rib. for cutting clay 



2. Knife made of a rib. for cutting clay 

 •3. Stone for nibbing, stained green 



4. White clay 



.5. Yellow clay 



0. Greenish clay 



7. Micaceous hematite 



