164 TWO summers' WORK IN PUEBLO RUINS [eth. ann. 22 



BONE IMPLEMENTS 



The bone imijleraents found at Four-niik' ruin were similar to those 

 collected in 1896 at Chaves pass. They consisted of awls, needles, 

 and bodkins, many of which were made from the wing and leg bones 

 of the wild turkey or the tibife of antelopes. There were also larger 

 implements made of the bones of antelope and deer. 



ANIMAL REMAINS 



A large collection of animal bones was obtained fi-om the rooms at 

 Four-mile ruin, but thej^ have not yet been identified. 



RUINS NEAR FOUR-MILE RUIN 



Within a radius of a few miles of Snowflake there are several 

 ruins, some of which are of considerable size. The ruin near Shum- 

 way is one of the largest of these, and would well repay extensive 

 excavations. There are ruins on the opposite side of the creek from 

 Four-mile ruin, but these are smaller, and the elevations on which 

 the}' stand have lieen diminished by deposition of the soil by the 

 stream about their bases. The cemeteries have been so deeplj- buried 

 under the accumulated earth that extensive excavation would be 

 necessary to lay bare the objects which they contain, and, as the 

 mounds themselves are small, the author did not attempt this work. 

 The collections made at Four-mile ruin will undoubtedly sei've as 

 typical of those which could be taken from adjacent mounds, as the 

 l^eople of this whole neighborhood were probably in about the same 

 stage of culture. 



RUINS AT PINEDALE 



The Buildings 



The road leading south from Ilolbrook to Fort Apache, in the 

 White mountains, divides just beyond Taylor, and one division con- 

 tinues to a small settlement among the pines, which is called Pine- 

 dale. This is a beautiful place to camp, surrounded b.y high trees, 

 is well watered, and in places lias fertile stretches of land suitable 

 for farms. Two extensive ruins reported to me from that locality by 

 Mr Frank Zuck, of Holbrook, promised interesting results if proper 

 excavations were made in or near them. 



Accordingly, work was begun, with 5 Mexican laborers, near the 

 middle of July, and extensive excavations were made in the larger 

 ruin. The results were not as satisfactory as had been hoped, but 

 several important facts were brouglit out bj^ the attempt. A small 

 collection rewarded the work at this place. 



The two Pinedale ruins lie on either side of the road just beyond 

 the church of the town, and a few hundred feet from the new stone 

 .sclioolhouse, one of the best in this part of Arizona. 



