FEWKES] PINEDALE EUINS 165 



Of these two ruins, that on the left of the road is the remains of a 

 pueblo of compact form, with a central plaza obscurely indicated. 

 From tlie general appearance of the ruins it is judged that the pueblo 

 was at least several stories liigh, but no sign of wall was seen above 

 ground. 



The ruin to the riglit of the road covered more ground than the 

 other. It was of rectangular form and apparently single storied. 

 This ruin was evidentlj^ an ancient one, and many tall, fine trees were 

 found growing from the soil in the rooms. The Avails, however, had 

 so fallen in that there were not more than traces of houses to be seen 

 marking the former extent of the ruin. There was no evidence at 

 any point that the rooms ever had more than a single story; and 

 evidences of the gateways entering the ancient plaza were sought in 

 vain. 



The relationship of these two Pinedale ruins to eacli other appears 

 to be as follows: The compact ruin on the left side of the road appar- 

 ently^ contained the greater part of tlie population, wliile tlie rectan- 

 gular building served as a jjlace of refuge, for which its mode of 

 construction made it admirably suited. If the theory is a correct 

 one, it is probable that the rectangular portion was of later date than 

 the compact one, and this is also indicated by its general appearance. 



At various localities in the Southwest are found in close proximity 

 ruins of buildings which apparently have a somewhat similar rela- 

 tionship. Thus in the Tsegi canyon one sometimes finds extensive 

 ruins at the base of a cliff, and in the caverns above inaccessible cliff 

 houses. Another very good illustration can be seen near Ramah, not 

 far from Zuni, wliere there is a fine rectangular ruin on the hilltop 

 and the remains of an extensive pueblo at the base of the same eleva- 

 tion. The more inaccessible of these buildings was probably a place 

 of refuge for the inhabitants of tlie more exposed pueblos in the plain 

 and their contiguity made access from one to another easy. The same 

 explanation may also be suggested for fortified hilltops near ruins, 

 so well illustrated in so-called trincheras of the Verde valley. 



In localities like that of Pinedale, where there were no adjacent 

 caverns or hilltops convenient for fortification, a special building 

 was erected for defense and refuge. This method was adojjted in the 

 liuena Vista ruin, situated in the Pueblo Viejo, to which reference 

 will be made later. 



It would appear that a specially erected building for refuge and 

 another for habitation is a far less practical arrangement for defense 

 than a combination of both in one. This has led to the building of 

 habitations on inaccessible heights, in caves, or on mesa tops, or to 

 the construction of the pueblo in such a form as to make it easy of 

 defense. Thus, the houses are so placed that the highest wall is on 

 the outside, where it sometimes rises to the altitude of several stories, 

 sloping toward the middle of the town. Entrance into such a walled 



