176 TWO summers' work in pueblo ruins [eth. ann.22 



fact that some of the tribes in this region burned their dead and that 

 others did not was mentioned by historians in the middle of the fif- 

 teenth century, and it would seem jjossible that here we have evi- 

 dences of two distinct stocks in the valley. These two stocks had 

 partially consolidated, forming a people which built the great liouses. 

 Certain clans of the compound stock, like their ancestors, cremated 

 the dead ; others interred their deceased. The custom of burning the 

 dead does not appear to have been carried into the Little Colorado 

 valley. 



In this connection, statements of Castaiieda that the Cibolans 

 burned their dead is instructiv^e. The author has not, however, dis- 

 covered north of the MogoUones any archeological evidences of 

 cremation, and is unaware of anj' well-authenticated statement that 

 they have been found in any Zuiii ruin. The suggestion that the 

 present Zuiiians in mortuary customs perform certain ceremonials 

 whicli symbolize burning the dead has been given .some weight, but 

 this might be interpreted as a survival transmitted to modern times 

 by clans who came from the south. Our knowledge of the nature of 

 this reported Zuni survival is very vague. 



Architecture 



The houses of Pueblo Viejo are ari'anged somewhat differently 

 from those of the Little Colorado and its tributaries. The tendency 

 in the latter regions is toward consolidation, toward a close approx- 

 imation into a communal pueblo, while the buildings in the Pueblo 

 Viejo are more like rancherias or farm dwellings. Each of the 

 houses was small, apparently inhabited by a single clan, and they 

 were generallj' grouped in clusters, which maj' for convenience be 

 styled villages. 



There is generally found in the mid.st of, or near, such a cluster of 

 small houses, a larger building which occuxned the relation of a 

 citadel, or, possibly, a ceremonial room; it maybe single or composed 

 of several chambers. This feature can be well seen in the accompa- 

 nying plan (plate Lxvi) of the Buena Vista ruin, one of the least 

 changed of those in the Pueblo Viejo. The existence of a central 

 room with clusters of small housesnearor about it reminds one of the 

 Casa Grande group near Florence, Arizona. 



There is no region of the Southwest from which better examples of 

 the influence of environment on architecture can be cited than in the 

 Gila vallej\ The majority of houses in j)ortions of the valley where 

 stones are absent were built of adobe, while in the upper part of the 

 river valley, where rock is more abundant, we find that the inhabi- 

 tants utilized it as a building material. Thus, while adobe forms the 

 greater' part of the walls of Casa Grande, the great central room of 

 Buena Vista was constructed of rock. 



