FEWKEs] DISTRIBUTION OF POTTERY IN ARIZONA 193 



A brown pottery, with black decoration and red bands, is charac- 

 teristic of the Gila valley ruins. 



Study of the material collected in 1897 suggests the conclusion that 

 the higher we ascend the Little Colorado river the greater are the 

 differences between the archeological objects found on its banks and 

 those of the ancient Ilopis who lived at lloniolobi. These differences 

 seem not to diminish as we ascend the Zuni river and other tributaries 

 of the Little Colorado in the Zuiii reservation. At Four-mile ruin we 

 find both Zufii and Hopi characteristics in ancient pottery, and no 

 donbt some of the people of this pueblo were akin to the ancient Zuiii 

 stock. 



There was probably not so close a likeness between the ancient 

 people of Pueblo Vie.jo and those of modern Tusayan as between those 

 of the Verde and Tonto villages and the Ilopis, although there is a 

 resemblance among all the ruins of the Gila valley and its tributaries. 

 As a general rule, the culture of prehistoric peoples dwelling along 

 the banks of a river has a marked uniformity, while that of those 

 separated by mountain ranges is more varied. There is therefore a 

 general likeness between the art products of the Gila valley and all 

 its tributaries, and those of the Little Colorado are similar, but the 

 archeology of the two drainage areas differs considerably. 



EVOLUTION OF THE PUEBLO TYPE OF ARCHITECTURE 



The Spanish word "pueblo" has come to be used in ethnology 

 with a special meaning, and is now applied to a certain kind of 

 Indian dwelling. While the Spanish explorers applied the term to anj' 

 large cluster of houses it is well to limit it, as is now generallj- cus- 

 tomarj', to a communal village in compact form, with the different 

 rooms adjoining. In this restricted meaning the clusters of houses 

 in the Pueblo Viejo are not pueblos, but are better called composite 

 ranchei'ias. 



A pueblo, then, maj* be regarded as a collection of rancherias the 

 component houses of which have become so approximated that they 

 adjoin, forming a compact village. Each clan has its own rooms and 

 has no rights in others, though the walls may adjoin. 



We have a very good illustration of a communal form of archi- 

 tecture in earlj- Mormon settlements, as Brigham and Sunset, 7iow 

 in ruins near Ilomolobi. When these towns were built they were 

 palisaded, and all the different families were pi-otected by an inclosing 

 wall. The houses joined, inclosing a central open space, much as in a 

 small pueblo. Had there been no danger from Apaches or other 

 predatory Indians, these Mormon families would probably have set- 

 tled on separate farms, but it must also be borne in mind that there 

 was community of life among the inhabitants which does not exist in 

 Pueblo settlements. Each clan in the latter is independent; all fam- 

 ilies in the Mormon towns mentioned had common property. This 

 22 ETH— 04 13 



