92 REV. F. A. WALKER, D.D., F.L.S., 
could produce. The upper surface of each of these three 
butterflies, consisting of bluish green metallic bands upon a 
very dark, if not black ground, is so similar that they look 
almost like one species. The under surface in every instance 
presents a marked contrast to the upper as well as tothe under 
side of the two others, being primrose in one species, pale 
brown in another, and stone colour, almost white, in a third. 
I will go further, and myself allege that the wings of some 
butterflies are not only as beautifully feathered, but more 
beautifully below than above, as I could prove from my own 
collection. But this does not do away with the equally true 
fact that all the numerous bright blue morphos which have 
been previously referred to in the course of this paper, have, 
without exception, their sides of a sober brown, and I think 
it cannot be disputed that the under surface of no Hnglish 
butterfly is equal to the upper in beauty, and also 
that the upper surface of the majority of the species 
from all over the globe surpass the under in gay- 
ness and lustre of colour. Beetles, wasps, and flies are 
likewise stated to have the metallic colouring of blue and 
green, and to possess rings equally dark all round the body. 
Precisely, because beetles, wasps, and flies, like birds in this 
respect, have the whole of their bodies equally exposed to 
the rays of the sun, so that if the sun’s brightness produces 
any effect and any intensifying of colour in them at all, it 
must do so on every part of them alike. But the colouring 
of the bodies of by far the greater proportion of butterflies 
and moths is not worth mentioning. It is with their wings 
that we are concerned, and what I would assert is that the 
upper surface of a butterfly’s wings must naturally and per- 
force be far more exposed to the bright sunlight than the 
under, for if it flaps its wings in rapid flight, even then the 
upper surface receives more of the sunlight, and if, on the 
contrary, it floats along with its wings spread out horizon- 
tally hke a fan, then a portion of the upper surface is all 
that the sun shines on; the lower is turned towards the 
earth. View the same creature when it has settled. Its 
under surface rests against the tlower, or if the wings should 
be closely pressed together and erect it will frequently be 
noticed that the weather is cloudy, or that it is the hour of 
declining day, and that in any case the butterfly is asleep. 
Again, “one star differeth from another star in glory,” 
and the beauty of the scarlet-and-black patches of the upper 
side of Cutagramma cynosura is very diverse from that of the 
orange-and-blue markings of the under in that South 
