142 EDOUARD NAVILLE. 
also over the Delta, certainly over the eastern part. Before 
our excavations their names had never been found north of 
Memphis; it appears now that at this remote epoch their 
kingdom had already reached what I should call the natural 
limits of Egypt. 
The Fourth dynasty,—the dynasty of Cheops and Chefren,— 
was one of the most powerful of the Old Empire, and it 
seems that under the succeeding one the kingdom was rather 
weakened; but there is a marked revival under one of the 
first kings of the Sixth dynasty,—Pepi Merira. As I said 
before, his cartouche has been found twice at Bubastis, im 
a different form from what it is at Tanis. There he gives 
himself only as’ the son of Hathor, the goddess of Ant 
(Denderah). At Bubastis, on the contrary, he is anxious to 
affirm that he is son of Tum, the god of On (Heliopolis), and 
of Hathor, the goddess of Ant. The geographical names must 
not be taken in’a literal sense, as meaning only two cities ; 
they must be interpreted in their mythological sense, as 
meaning the two parts of Egypt. Pepi indicates in this way 
that he is lord of the whole country. 
Under the Old Empire there was a temple at Bubastis, but 
although we found traces of it in the two first halls, it is not 
possible even to conjecture what were its forms and dimen- 
sions. It lasted very late down to the Twelfth dynasty ; one 
of its kings,—Usertesen I..—wrote on one of the stones a 
small inscription, not very deeply cut, such as the kings often 
did to record that they had gone through a city and presented 
offerings to the gods, but not that they had made any great 
building. The venerable sanctuary of Cheops and Pepi was 
still standing at his time. 
Here arises a question which I am obliged to answer in a 
different way from what I have recently seen printed in several 
papers. Among the numerous statues discovered at Bubastis 
—Is there one which may be considered as a work of the Old 
Empire? The opinion that this is the case has been expressed 
at a meeting of the Egypt Exploration Fund. It has been said 
that we have a portrait of Cheops in one of the statues 
now in the British Museum. Among the monuments brought 
from Bubastis you will notice the colossal torso, in red 
granite, of a standing king who holds in his left hand a 
standard. The statue has no head-dress; it has very thick 
and crisp hair, not unlike what we see on sculptures or 
statues of the Old Empire. The figure was destined to 
support something, for the top of the head is quite flat, 
showing that some piece of architecture rested upon it. It is 
not the only one of its kind, We found four absolutely 
