RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS AT BUBASTIS. 147 
of their people was Hyksos, which means shepherd kings ; for 
Hyk signifies in the sacred language a king, and Sds in the 
demotic is shepherd and shepherds. Some say they were 
APADS Sig 70% 
Arabs or Phoenicians are the names most frequently applied 
to them by the ancient authors. Recent researches seem to 
point as their native place to Mesopotamia, where at that time 
important events took place. We know that about that 
epoch, the King of Elam, Khudur Nankhundi, invaded Baby- 
lonia, plundered the country and carried away from the city of 
Urukh to his capital Shushan a considerable number of statues 
of divinities. We cannot affirm that the invasion of Kgypt by 
the Hyksos is connected with this particular war; but it is 
probable that the struggles between the Hlamites and the 
Mesopotamians brought about the invasion of Egypt. I do 
not suppose that the Hlamites went as far as the Nile, but 
they drove out of their country a mixed multitude belonging 
to different races, and it overran Hgypt, too weak to resist. If, 
as I believe, the Hyksos were Mesopotamians, they were not 
barbarians: they belonged to nations which had already 
reached a high degree of civilization, and which in particular 
were well skilled in the art of sculpture. There is no doubt 
that the conquest of Egypt must have been signalized by 
devastation and ruin; it never was otherwise in the wars of 
Eastern nations; but as the invaders were not barbarians, 
as they came from a civilized country, it explains why they 
soon submitted to the influence of the more refined Egyptians, 
and why they easily adopted the principal features of Egyptian 
civilization, which was not unlike their own. 
The chronographers have preserved the name of several 
of their kings; they are called Silites, or Salatis, Beon, 
Apachnas, Jannas, or Janras, Asseth and Apophis, in 
Egyptian Apepi. The interesting point to ascertain was 
whether the Egyptian documents agreed with the statements 
of the Greek writers as to the barbarity of the Hyksos. 
Were they the cruel and brutal conquerors described by 
Manetho? Very likely they were at first when they attacked 
the country, but certainly not at the end of their domination. 
The name of Apepi was known !ong ago from a papyrus 
relatmg his struggle with a Theban prince. ‘To Mariette 
belongs the honour of having first discovered his name on 
stone monuments. In his very successful excavations at 
Tanis he found the name of Apepi written on the arm of a 
statue, evidently older than the Hyksos king. At the same 
time he noticed the name on monuments of a special kind, 
which have since been called Hyksos monuments, They are 
La 
