148 EDOUARD NAVILLE. 
sphinxes with bodies of lions and human faces. The head is 
surrounded by a very thick mane, and the type of the 
features is quite different from the Kgyptian. The cheek- 
bones are high and strongly marked, the nose wide and flat 
and aquiline, the mouth projecting forward with stout lips. 
At first sight, it is impossible not to be struck by the fact 
that we have there the image of a foreign race and not of 
native Egyptians. ‘Thus there has been an art of the Hyksos, 
or rather the conquered have made the education of their 
masters ; for, except the characteristic foreign type, the work- 
manship, the style, and the attitude are absolutely Egyptian, 
and these monuments must have been made by Egyptian 
sculptors. 
Besides the art, the Hyksos adopted also the writing, the 
language of the Hgyptians; the names of their kings are 
written like those of the native Pharaohs with two cartouches, 
the first of which was taken by them on the day of their 
coronation, and always contained the name of Ra. Never- 
theless, they remained faithful to the worship of Set, an 
Asiatic divinity often called also Baal, and worshipped as 
well by Semites as by nations of another race like the Khetas 
or Hittites. ‘Thus, under the reign of the last Hyksos rulers, 
except that the sovereign belonged to a foreign race, Ngypt 
must have presented an appearance very much like what it 
was before: a well ordered and governed state. 
It has been questioned whether the Hyksos had really 
attained a high degree of civilization, and whether the monu- 
ments attributed to them by Mariette were really their own 
work. Some Egyptologists have suggested that the strange 
monuments of T'anis were, perhaps, the produce of local art, 
or that they belonged to a much older period; in this last 
case Apepi would only have: usurped what had been done 
before him, and there would be no Hyksos style. I must say 
that when I went for the first time to Tanis, I very nearly 
adopted this view ; but the discoveries made in the excava- 
tions of 1888 have convinced me that Mariette’s opinion was 
the truth. There has been a Hyksos art, and kings of later 
time have not hesitated in taking possession for themselves 
of what the so-called barbarians had made. I had the good 
fortune in 1888 of finding three of the most interesting 
Hyksos monuments which have been preserved. 
We were working in the eastern part of the temple of 
Bubastis near the entrance, when the workmen unearthed first 
the head-dress of a statue, in black granite, wearing the royal 
asp; underneath were only the forehead and the eyes, for the 
head had been broken horizontally at the height of the origin 
