178 SURGEON-GENERAL C. A. GORDON. 
In the 10th century A.D. the Kitanes first subdued the two 
other nations just named, and then the northern provinces of 
China. The Niudsches soon rose in rebellion against the 
Kitanes, and then, being called by the Chinese to their 
assistance, they obtained the upper hand of both Kitanes 
and the Chinese. Upon this a part of the Kitanes re- 
treated westward, and took possession of Upper Bokhara; 
where they have since borne the name of Karakitans or 
Karaktayans. In the meantine, the Niudsches ruled over 
the north of China, and Mongolia as far as the Hastern 
Ocean. The Mongolians, however, were divided into several 
classes, each with its own Khan, notwithstanding the 
supremacy of the Niudsches; and it was one of those petty 
princes, T'rmupcHIN, who, under the name of Grencuis Kuan, 
became in A.D. 1176, the founder of the new monarchy of 
China. 
Other tribes, or septs, there also are, but on this occasion 
the following only can be alluded to :— 
The island of Formosa is divided longitudinally by a ridge 
of high mountains. ‘The western portion, colonised by the 
Chinese early in the seventeenth century, is now held by them 
as a portion of the opposite province of Hai Fokien. The 
region eastward of the mountain range continues to be 
inhabited by the aborigines, a savage race, bearing some 
resemblance to the Malays, and to the inhabitants of the 
islands in the Pacific, since they blacken their teeth like the 
former, and tattoo their skins as a distinctive mark of rank, 
after the manner of the latter.* 
The Amois, or Amis. A tribe of those “ savages” are 
scattered over the eastern portion of the island. ‘Tradition 
assigns their origin to a shipwrecked crew, who subsequently 
formed connexions with the islanders, with the understanding 
that the descendants of such unions were for ever to be ina 
position of slaves to the chief tribe of the island. The Amis 
of the present day are described as a quiet and gentle people, 
who chiefly live by agriculture and fishing; who seldom hunt, 
and have little desire for field sports. 
On the other hand, the Paiwais, who live in close proximity 
to the Amis, are a turbulent and warlike people; fond of the 
chase, and of out-door amusements. In disposition, they are 
proud and independent; in their habits, cleanly and neat. Their 
language approaches the Malay, and like their congeners of 
Borneo, they are noted head-hunters. ‘They appear, moreover, 
* As do also the Chins of Upper Burmah. 
