ETHNOLOGY, ETC., OF CHINA. 189 
with their bodies. Those who labour with their minds rule ; 
those who labour with their bodies are ruled.’ About A.D.1730, 
that is, one-and-twenty centuries subsequently to the time 
when Mencrus thus expressed himself, Pope wrote :—‘‘ And 
those who think still govern the world.” 
For a short time ‘‘the seven rival States” * into which 
China had been during the dynasty of Chow, and was then, 
divided, remained at war among themselves. ‘The States of 
1”’sin on the north-west, 7’s’00 on the south, and 'st on the 
north, having vanquished the other States, they engaged 
against each other, with the result that victory rested with 
the State of 7’sin, and in B.C. 255 CHao-sranc Wana became 
the acknowledged ruler over the ‘“ black-haired’’ people.t 
To him succeeded Cowana Seana Wane, who, in the year 
B.C. 246 was followed by Cue Wuaane-rr, founder of the 
Tsin or fourth dynasty of China, a dynasty in which it is usual 
to include the “ After Tsins,’{ and which, so extended, was to 
end B.C. 206, thus having a duration of no more than forty 
years,§ a period during which wars in the far Hast were to be 
no less destructive to human life than were those in Kurope, 
as between Carthagenians, and Romans; the Syrians, Greeks, 
and Egyptians. 
Cuz Wane-tE, otherwise “the First Emperor,” or the first 
absolute sovereign of the dynasty of Tsin, as he claimed to 
be considered, having brought under his sway the different 
States above alluded to, and thus re-united the empire, his 
first public measure was the abolition of feudalism, which prior 
to his day had been established as a system in China; his 
next to make a tour through the thirty-six provinces of which, 
under him, that empire consisted. His most important mili- 
tary feat was a successful campaign against the Hiowng nw 
or Huns, whose country, situated to the west of the modern 
province of Shensi, extended beyond the Oxus and Jaxartes 
(Amoo Darya and Syr Darya). He ordered the erection of 
many public buildings; he caused roads and canals to be 
opened up. In the year B.C. 214 he began the work of 
uniting the portions of wall that, prior to his day, had been 
erected at intervals along the frontier, his object thereby 
* See Note 5, p. 196. 
+ The Chinese Empire at that period extended from lat. 33° N. to 38° N., 
and long. 106° E. to 119° E. It included the southern portions of the 
province of Chib-li, Shan-se, and Shen-se, the northern portions of Ho-nan 
and Keang-soo, and the western half of Shan-tung. The capital was fixed 
at Chang-yan Heen, in Shen-se. 
~ Sometimes described as the 5th Dynasty. 
§ Douglas.—It is to be observed, however, that different accounts of the 
chronology of this period occur in the works consulted. 
