194, SURGEON-GENERAL C. A, GORDON. 
south, by intermarriages, and other causes, the several tribes or 
families became in time one people,—the Chinese,—who now occupy 
the region which extends from the Great Wall to Canton, and 
from Tibet to the Pacific Ocean. 
The 35th parallel of north latitude from the borders of Tibet to 
Shan-tung marks very nearly the course of the earliest Chinese 
civilisation. And a parallelogram extending two degrees north 
and south of this line, and from the western border of Shensi to 
within fifty miles of the coast of Shan-tung, thus measuring north 
and south about 250 miles, and east and west about 600, will 
include all that part of China where we have reason to believe 
that letters were cultivated early in the Chow dynasty, and about 
B.C. 1000. The area thus indicated is not much greater than that 
of the British Isles, and scarcely equal to three of the eighteen 
provinces, or one-sixth part of China proper. 
3. The Miaotze, page 176.—The civilised people of ‘‘ The Middle 
Kingdom ” alluded to in the preceding note were, at the early 
period described, hemmed in on all sides by hostile barbarians. 
On the east the great-bow men held possession of the promontory of 
Shan-tung, and the whole coast-line to the mouth of the Hwaee river, 
where, turning south-westward, they occupied a great portion of 
the modern provinces of Kiang-su and Ngan-hwai. On the south 
all along the Yange were the “Man,” wngovernable vermin, also 
called Mé, Bé, or Bleaters. On the west were the mounted warriors, 
of whom came the T's’inites, those named “ Jung,” though trans- 
lated “western barbarians,” meant also “ weapons.” On the north, 
within and without the northern bend of the Hwang-ho were the 
“Tih,” fiery dogs, tykes, distinguished also as red tyhkes and white 
tykes, as if in reference to their complexion as contrasted with the 
Ti-min, or Chinese proper. 
The 'Ts’inites must have occupied the borders of Tibet before they 
displaced the Chowites from Shen-si. The States of Ts’00 and Woo 
embraced the whole of Central China, watered by the Yang-tze and 
the Han rivers. Woo does not appear in history till B.C. 584. It 
embraced the modern Nan-king and Shanghai. Farther south still 
_ was Yueh, where, according to tradition, the Great Yu investigated 
the principles of government on the top of a mountain (as if he 
were a counterpart of Moses on Mount Sinai), and where after- 
wards he died and was buried. 
4. Religious Worship, &¢., page 182.—Not only in relation 
to the manner and object of their worship, but in various other 
