304 REV. J. MAGENS MELLO, M.A., ON METALLURGY. 
Mongol words for tin are quite different, and in Chinese it is sek. 
The Hungarian often retains Akkadian words in recognisable form. 
I venture to doubt if the Phoenicians reached Spain before the 
foundation of Carthage in 900—800 B.C. Pheenicians bearing 
bronze vases are, however, represented on an Egyptian monument 
as early as 1600 B.C. 
- “The knowledge of lead, as above mentioned, seems to be of great 
antiquity among Akkadians. It may very probably be from Tura- 
nians that the Phcenician arts were derived, but hardly from Htrus- 
cans, who only reached Italy about 800 B.C. It was rather from 
the Turanians of Northern Syria,—such as the Hittites,—who 
dwelt in and near Phcenicia, and whose deities (Istar, Tammuz, 
Nergal, &c.) the Phoenicians worshipped. 
“There were, no doubt, long-headed tribes in Europe before the 
Aryans ; but it should not be forgotten that round-headed races 
also existed there. The Etruscans are very generally regarded as a 
Turanian, or round-headed race, and the Basque language is recog- 
nised as of Turanian origin, both grammar and vocabulary showing 
an affiliation to the Akkadian. Nor was cremation quite peculiar 
to Aryans; many Turanian tribes had this custom. 
‘Tin appears to exist in the Lebanon. I have seen samples, but 
no important mines are known. It may, however, have been 
exhausted at an early historic period. It would seem that the dis- 
covery of tin was later than tke separation of the Turkic, Mongol, 
and Ugric stocks, since the word is not the same in these various 
groups of Turanian speech. The Assyrians adopted the Akkadian 
word (anaki); the Hebrews used one quite distinct, viz., ?YT2 
(Num. xxxi. 22; Ezek. xxii. 18). The early Aryans, who knew 
gold and silver and a third metal (either copper or iron), did not 
apparently know tin. This evidence seems to restrict somewhat 
the anterior date of the knowledge of tin among early peoples, 
though bronze cannot be supposed to have been first known later 
than 2000 B.C. at least. In the early Buriat-Mongol dialects tin is 
called sagan-tulugun, or cagan-tulga, or simply tulugua. Finally, 
I venture to doubt if safe evidence of Chinese bronze as early as 
2000 B.C. has been found, for Sinologists do not admit that the 
civilisation of China can be traced with any certainty to so early 
a date.” 
